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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freuds Structural Therapy
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ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
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ID
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Present at birth pleasure principle immediate gratification
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EGO
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six months because of IDS inability to gratify all of the needs. Operates on the reality principle
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Defers gratificaton of the Ids instincts until an appropriate object is available in reality
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Reality principle
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Superego
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4-5 years of age
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Superego reward becomes __________ punishment becomes ______________
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ego ideal, conscience
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Freud defines anxiety as
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conflict between the ids impulses and demands of either reality or the superego
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Defense Mechanisms result when
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the ego is unable to resolve a conflict through rational realistic means
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Three areas of the mind based on freud
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Conscious, Preconscious, unconscious
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Repression is
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most basic defense because it is also the goal of all other defense mechanisms
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Freuds Fixation
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a client has unresolved conflict or trauma and is fixated on a certain stage
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Regression
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Person retreats to an earlier, safer stage of development and behaves in ways e.g. fetal position
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Introjection
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incorporating an object as it truly is in to the ego system assimilation
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Projection
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attributing one's own unacceptable instinctual needs to other people (thinks its a window when its actually a mirror)
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Reaction Formation
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Using the defense mechanism avoiding evoking instict by expressing its opposite
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Rationalization
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explaining one's unacceptable behaviors in ways which make them appear rational and socially acceptable.
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Displacement
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Transfer of instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target
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Sublimation
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displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is made acceptable e.g. likes to cut on people becomes a surgeon
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Freuds Devlopmental Theory
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Based on psychoSEXUAL stages of devlopment
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Freuds defin of maladaptive behavior
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result of unresolved unconscious conflicts which occured during childhood
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Freuds Goals
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alleviate pathological symptoms by makeing the unconscious conscious and reintegrating previously repressed material into personality structure
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Therapeutic Techniques of Freud
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Free Associations
Dream Analysis Resistance Tranference |
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Free Associations
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fundamental rule of psychoanyalysis client say whatever comes to mind without censure
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Dream Analysis
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the royal road to the unconscious helps uncover unconscious conflicts and motives
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Resistance
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as the unconscious becomes conscious the client may resist e.g missed appointments, tardiness, avoidance of certain topics or periods of silence during free association
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Transference
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positive or negative feelings and take on many forms including direct comments about the therapist and therapy
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Positive Transferance
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often underlies what appears to be a quick improvement in symptoms during the early stages of therapy
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Negative Transferance
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usually replace positive later in therapy
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Freuds Processes of therapy
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Clarification
Confrontation Interpretation Working through |
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Clarification
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Restating the clients remarks and feelings in clearer terms
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Confrontation
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statements which help the client see his or her behavior in a new way
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Interpretation
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connecting clients behavior to unconscious thoughts e.g. Is it possible your workaholism is a way to make sure you don't have to face rejection of men
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Catharsis
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emotional relsease resulting from the reacll of unconscious material paves the way for insight
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Working through stage
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final and LONGEST stage in psychoanalysis allows the client to gradually assimilate new insights into his or her personality.
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Jung rejected the premise that
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libido is primarily sexual in nature and instead defined it as a generalize force supplying energy to all aspects of life
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Jungs emphasis
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aspirations, goals, plans for the future on the personality
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Collective unconscious
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Jungs beliefs about a repository of latent memory traces the individual inherits form the cumulative exepriences of human species
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Personality Therapy
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Jungs theory
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Jungs structures of the mind
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Consciousness
Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious |
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Jungs Concsiousnes
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Part of the psyce which represents conscious memories, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings
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Jungs Personal Unconscious
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Contains experiences memories which were once conscious but have been forgotten repressed or suppressed
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Jungs collective unconscious
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contains the experiences of past generationas
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Archetypes
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experiences in the collective unconscious becoming universal thought forms like Hero, Great Mother, Wise Old Man, Trickster
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Primary Goal of Jungian Theapy
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Indivduation various parts of personality are integratd to form a fully realized self.
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Process of Indivduation
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Incorporation of unconscious aspects of personality in the conscious aspects
Achievement of unity among the four psychological functions |
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4 psychological functions jund
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Thinking
Feeling Sensing Intuiting |
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Therapeutic Techniques
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Word Association
Analysis of Dreams symptom Analysis Life History |
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Word association test
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Jung used this to identify complexes that might be controlling the personality
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analysis of dreams
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Jung conducted to uncover unconscious elements of the personality, these elements are typically expressed in symbolic form
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Life History
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Jung developmental patterns which may have contributed to the individuals current neurotic behaviors.
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Alfred Adler
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Individual Psychology
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Alfred Adler disagreed
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on the role of the unconscious instinctual forces in the development of personality and his lack of attention to social factors.
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Personality Theory
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Inferiority feelings, striving for superiority and style of life are key concepts in Adlers theory of personality
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A______________ scar comes form the
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inferiority feeling
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Aderl believes the way a person deals with inferiority can determine
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Life Style
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Adlers lifestyles
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healthy= willing to cooperate with others for the common good
mistaken= self-centeredness, competitiveness, strivings for personal power. |
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Adlers view of maladaptive behavior
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mental disorders represent a mistaken style of life mistaken style of life
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Adlers therapeutic Goals
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Help client replace a mistaken style of life with a healthier more adaptive one high degree for social interest.
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Therapeutic Techniques of Adler
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Therapeutic Alliance
Helping client identify style of life and consequences reorienting clients attitudes to support a more adaptive style of life. |
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Life Style investigation Adler
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Birthorder, memories, distorted bliefs and attidues
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Birthorder
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Middle children-ambitious to surpass older siblings
LIFESTYLE IS FIXED BY AGE FORU OR FIVE |
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Study of Dreams Adlerians
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Dreams are rehearsals of future courses of action and use dreams to assess a clients current life-style and progress in therapy.
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Interpretation of resistance and transference Adler
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Resistances and transferences reflections of clients current style of life
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Role Play Adler
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Helps clients acquire new behaviors when a client says "If only I could the adler will ask him to role play the behavior desired.
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Adler encouragement and advice
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Clients are discouraged therapist should provide encouragement an advice
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Neo Freudians
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Erich Fromm
Karen Horney Harry Stack Sullivan |
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Personality Theory Horney
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Most interested in early interpersonal relationships
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Personality Theory Sullivan
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Importance of interpersonal relationships throughout the lifespan
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Personality theory Fromm
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more interested in the impact of the structure and dynamics of society on personality development.
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Neo Fruedians Mal adaptive Horney
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Anxiety as the basis of neurosis and origns of neurosis can be traced to childhood
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Horneys Anxiety Producers
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Parental Behaviors such as indifference, overprotectiveness, rejection cause basic anxiety
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Horneys explanation of maladaptive behavior
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to reduce anxiety child may become compliant and move toward people, detached and move away from people, or become aggressive and move against people.
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Sullivan Maladaptive Behavior
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Cognitive factors cause
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Sullivans three modes of cognitive experiences
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Prototaxic Mode few few months of life
Parataxid Mode Syntaxic Mode |
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Prototaxic
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Discrete series of momentary states
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Protataxic
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seeing causal connections between events occurring about he same time which are unrelated
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Syntaxic Mode
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logical, sequential, internally-consistent and modifiable thinking LANGUAGE ACQUISITON
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Parataxic Distortions
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Misperceptions which involve responding to a person as though he or she were a significant person from the past and occur as the result of arrest in the parataxis mode
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Fromms maladaptive
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Society inhibits people from fulfilling their human nature
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Fromms 5 Character Styles
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Receptive
Exploitative Hoarding Marketing Productive Types |
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Fromms only healthy charachter
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Productive Tyep
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Therapeutic Goals of Neofreudian Sullivan
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mental achieved to extent of awareness of interpersonal relationships identify and correct parataxic distortions
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Participant Observer
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Therapist role in Neo Freudian therapy
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integrative Psychotherapy
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Personality theory highlights value inherent in each individual human
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Integrative Personality Theory accounts for
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affective/emotional state, behavior, and thoughts and cognitions and physiological state and HUMAN DEVLOPMENT
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According to the Integrative therapists changes are
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new opportunities for learning
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View of Maladaptive Behavior for Integrative
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Related to unresolved or disowned aspects of the self
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Therapeutic Goals of Integrative
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1. Reducing use of Def. Mech
2. Maintainence of physical health 3. Engage and interact with people and the world reducing isolation |
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Theapeutic Effects of decreasing Defense Mechanism for Integ.
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DM represents a denial of the unresolved parts of self and thus discourage integration
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Client Centered Therpy
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Carl Rogers
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Rogers Theory
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all people have innate self-actuazling tendency
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Rogers
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urge to extend, expand, devlop, mature
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Personality Theroy
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Self or the organized consitent conceptual whole composed of perceptions of the I or me and the perception of realtions of i and me
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Maladaptive Behavior rogers
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Self become disorganized when there is INCONGRUENCE between the self and experience Worth
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rogers Anxiety
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incongruence between self and experience produces anxiety signals the unified self is being threatened.
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Rogers Belief about Parents
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Parents are initial source of conditional and unconditional positive regard client eventually becomes the source of this
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Therapeutic Goals of Rogers
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Help the client achieve congruence between self and experience
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Rogers Therapeutic Technques
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Unconditional positive regard
Empathetic understanding Genuineness (congruence) |
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Rogers believes that if the right environment with the therapist then
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congruence will be achieved
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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therapist must genuinely care about the client affirm worth and accept the client without evaluation. It does mean the therapist must approve of all the clients actions
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Emphatic understanding
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therapists ability to to see the world as the client does
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Congruence
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therapist genuine in therapy therapist must honestly communicate their feelings.
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Rogerian therapy is _______________ and ____________
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non directive and client centered
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Rogerian therapy is void of
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Advice giving
labels Manipulation intepretation |
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Clients are the ___________ in rogerian therapy
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Experts
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Gestalt
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Frederic Perls
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Gestalts
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based on the individual responsibility
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Gestalt Conepts
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1. People tend to seek closure
2. A persons gestalts perceptions of parts as a whole reflect current needs 3. Persons behavior represents the whole which is greater than the sum of its parts 4. Figure and Ground |
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Gestalts
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Figure and Ground
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Gestalt Personality theory
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Self, Self image
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Gestalts Self Actualization
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bringing self form potency to act
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Gestalts Self image
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darker side of personality imposes standards on client that limit self actuzliation
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Gestalt Personality
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depends on interaction with the enviornment
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Gestalt view of Maladpative Behavior
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Growth Disorder abandonment of self for self image boundary disturbances
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Introjection
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occurs when a person psychologically swallows whole concepts without assimiliation cant distinguish between me and not me usually over compliant
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Projection
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looking at a mirror and thinking its a window
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retroflector
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produces blocked rigid personality
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Confluence
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absence of a boundary between the self and environment intolerance of any differences between oneself and others underlies feelings of guilt and resentment
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Gestalt Therapy Goals
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Help client achieve maturity (self-responsbility and self-support) and integration (the ability to function as a systematic whole)
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Gestalt Philosophy
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No diagnostic labels
View historical events only as they relate to present |
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Gestalt therapists
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view transference as counterproductive
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Gestalt believe in dealing with the
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Here and Now
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Gestalt Therapy techniques use
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rules
games |
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Gestalt Therapy Techniques
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1.Directed Awareness
2. I language 3. Dialogue Games 4. "I take responsibility for it" 5. Dream Work |
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Gestalt Directed Awareness
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here and now direct questions
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Gestalt Language
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I language
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Gestalt Games
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1. Empty chair
2. Top Dog/ Underdog 3. Unfinished business empty chair |
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Gestalt Dream work
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Recurring dreams as representations of parts of the self no fully accepted, use dream work to help clients recover disowned parts of their personalities
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Gestalt therapy should never be used with
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Psychotic clients
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Transactional Analysis
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Eric Berne
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Transactional Therapy frequently used in __________
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group setting
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Transactional Therapy
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Life position, ego states, scripts
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Child rearing of parents determine
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states in health in Transactional anlaysis
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Injuctions by parents transactional
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has "don't" messages
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Four life positions of Tranascational Theory
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Im Ok Your Ok
Im OK your note ok Im not ok your ok Im not ok you not ok |
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Transactional Ego States
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Adult, Parent, child
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Transactional View of Maladaptive Behavior
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Unhealthy life script negative child rearing practices
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Paranoid Maladaptive Behavior of Transactional
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Im OK your not Ok
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Depression and Fear Transcational
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Im not Ok Your ok
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Schizophrenia and serious mental d/o Transactional
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im not ok , your not ok
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Transacational Mantra
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what was once decided can be undecided
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Goals of Transactional Therapy
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Integrate there goo states and render I'm Ok, Your OK
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Components of Transactional
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pyschoanalsis, Gestalt, RET, psychodrama, Behaviroal
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Structural analysis
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TA client is familiarize with therapy and taught how to identify three ego states and given permission to express those
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Transactional analysis
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Transactions between ego states one ego state evokes a response from the appropriate eto state of anohtre person
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Crossed Trnsactoin
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When a communication receives a response from and/or to an inappropriate ego state, sources of misunderstanding
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Ulterior Transcations
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two different messages
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Games Analysis
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Repetitive ulterior transactions which may appear to generate intimacy and intially provide strokes but acutlly prevent closesness
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Script analysis
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Clients current script is identified with a script checklist
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Reality Therapy
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Glasser
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Success identity
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clients see themselves as competent capable worthwhile and loved
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Failure identity
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feel helpless, hopless, unworthy, unloved
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Reality Therapy Maladaptive Behavior
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Lack of "REsponsibility and failure identity
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Responsibility Reality Therapy
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the ability to fulfill one's needs and to do so in a way which does not others ability to fulfill their needs
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Therapeutic Goals of Reality Therapy
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Help client become responsible which means meeting ones needs
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Therapeutic Techniques of Reality Therapy
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verbally active
intellectual confrontive |
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Reality Therapy Techniques do........
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1. Rejects the concept of mental illness
2. Focuses on present behaviors rather than past behaviors and attitudes 3. views transferance as detrimental to therapy progess and encourages clients to relate realistically to the therapist 4. Stresses conscious rather than unconscious processes 5. emphasizes value judgments especially the clients ability to judge 6. Seeks to teach clients behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their basic needs |
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Existential Therapy
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Emphasizes the human subjects, developed as a response to scientific disciplines of psychoanalysis and behaviorism, Context of human experiences,
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Founder of Existential Therapy
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Rollo May
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Existential anxiety
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Anxiety resulting from the prospect of new ways of lving which accept and increases personal freedom
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Maladaptive Existential
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Existential anxiety and Neurotic anxiety
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Existential anxiety
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elicited by existential issues such as the threat of not being ,
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Neurotic Anxiety
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results when a person attmepts to avoid existential anxiety, most common form involves a decrease in the sens of self-as-subject and a corresponding increase in the sense of self as object
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Therapeutic Goals of Existential
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Help the client achieve authentic existence or mode of being in the world being able to confront the threat of not being
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Existential Therapeutic view
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egalitarian non manipulative attitude in therapy and do not attempt to directly cause a client to change his or her mode of being in the world.
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Multimodal Therapy
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Arnold Lazarus
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MMT
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Multimodal Therapy
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Philosophy of MMT
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Personality is divided into seven major areas of functioning BASIC ID
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Behavior
Affective Responses Sensations Images Cognition's Interpersonal Relationships Drugs |
BASIC ID
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Philosophy of MMT
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we are social beings who move, feel, sense, imagine and think
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Maladaptive Behavior MMT
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Lack of functioning in one or more of the seven areas BASIC ID
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MMT Therapeutic Goals
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Correct problems with BASIC
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Therapeutic Techniques
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Therapy is an active process in which the therapist and counsels asks the client specific questions regarding functioning in each of the BASIC ID
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Issues addressed in MMT
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Conflicting or ambivalent feelings the client may have
Maldaptive Behaviors Misinformation Missing information Interpersonal pressures External Stressors Severe Traumatic Experiences Biological Dysfunctions |
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CBT
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Emphasizes current behaviors and and uses a scientific approach
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Process of CBT
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1. Review clients history and environment related to his problem
2. Define problem and target behavor 3. Define treatment goals |
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CBT philosophy
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Cognitive influences behavior and cognitive restructure can change behavior
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Classical conditioning father
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Pavlov
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Classical Conditinoing Therory
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1. Prove the individual with a more adaptive response to the stimulus or decrease the occurrence of a pleasure producing but maladaptive or undersirable behavior
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Counterconditoning
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Establishi a good behavior in place of a undesired behavior e.g. drinking water instead of smoking a cigarette
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Joseph Wolpes
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Designed reciprocal inhibiton used to eliminate the specific maladaptive response to anxiety evoking stimuli
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Systematic Desensitization
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Replace anxiety response with a relaxation response used to treat phobias, fear of intimacy
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Aversive Counterconditioning
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Antabuse fo alcohlism
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Assertiveness Training
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Behavior rehearsal, modeling, replacing maladptive responses with self assertive responses
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Skinner
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Father of Operant conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Focuse on Behaviors which operate or act upon the environment wiht the goal of obtaining some response.
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Therapies of Operant Conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Shaping Token Economy Time-Out Extinction Premack Principle Contingency Contracts |
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Positive Reinforcement
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Application of a positively reinforcing stimulus after a behavior has occurred to increase the occurrence of that behavior, baby crying getting food
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Negative Reinforcement
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NOT PUNISHMENT removing a noxious stimulus e.g. loud noised in a library when increased studying has been accomplished
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Shaping
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Response differentiation form of positive reinforecment involving reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response
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Token Economy
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establishing an enironment which desirable behaviors are consistently reinforced by a conditoned reinforcer the desired behavior would be the "back-up reinforcer)
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Extinction
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When reinforement for a behavior is discontinued the belief the unwanted behavior will eventally cease
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Premack Principle
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HPB is used to reinforce a low probabitly behavior for a LPB. e.g. watch tv HBP only after study for one hour LBP
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Flooding
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High anxiety rousing stimulus for a prolonged period of time (usually 30-60 mintues) in vivo expsoure with response prevention
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Implosive therapy
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based on the assumption that certain events are consitently avoided to reduce anxiety always done in the imagination unlike flooding.
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Albert Ellis
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Father of REBT
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REBT Maladaptive Behavior
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Primary cause of neurosis is the continual repetition of ceration common irrational ideas
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Love slobs
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believe it is importnat to be loved by everyone
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Words containted in Irational Belief
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Awful Should
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Therapeutic Goals of REBT
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Remove Irrational beliefs by Disputing the belief with rational thought therby changing irrational behavior
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Therapeutic Techniques of REBT
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A = The external event
B= Belief about A C=Emotion or behavior resulting from B D=Disputing Irrational beliefs E=Alternate thoughts or beliefs produced from D |
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REBT Therapeutic Techniques
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HOMEWORK
Modling Rational Analysis Role Playing Challenging Irrational Beliefs |
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Aaron Beck
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Cognitive Therapy Therapist
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Cognitive Therapy Maladaptive Behavior
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Negative interpretations of events e.g. dislike of self, negative appraisals for the future, Automatic Thinking
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arbitrary inference
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Drawing conclusions without evidence
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overgeneralization
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drawing general conclusions on the bases of one event
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selective absratction
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atending ot deail while ignroing the toatl context
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Personlization
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attributing exteranl events to oneself
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Polarzied thinking
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Thinking in black or white fashion
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Therapeuti Goals of CT
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Help client become aware of Automatic thinking and relabel life events
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Therapeutic Techniques of CT
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1. Keeping a daily log of dysfunctional automatic thought
2. Activity schedule making list of activities that will elevate the clients mood |
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Treatment for depression
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Cognitive Therapy
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Cue strengthing
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Attributing a desirable behavior with environmental cues e.g. wanting to pray more providing a specific place everyday to pray.
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Fading
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Used when a behavior is under the control of inappropriate simuli changing the stimulus in which the behavior occurs.
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Richard Bandler and John Grinder
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Neurolinguistic Programming Therapist
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Three components of Neurolinguistic Programming
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1. Neuro referring to the processing of information through the five senses of the nervous system
2. Linguistic referring to the way verbal and nonverbal communication organizes neural representations 3. Programming or the ability to organize neurolinguistic systems to accomplish specifc therapy goals |
