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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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monoecious
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both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual
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dioecious
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separately sexed individuals
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in which host are the reproductive products produced
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final / definitive
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oviparous
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female worms produce eggs that are expelled from host
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oviviparous
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egg hatches within the body of the host
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viviparous
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larvae are produced by female
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superfamily Gordioidea: what is the phylum and class
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phylum nemathelminthes
class nematomorpha |
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class nematomorpha: common name
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hair worms; horse hair worms
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superfamily gordioidea: where do adults live
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free-living; fresh water
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superfamily gordioidea: monoecious or dioecious
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dioecious
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superfamily gordioidea: what do adults eat
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do not feed
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superfamily gordioidea: what spp are larvae parasitic in
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insects, centipedes, millipedes
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superfamily gordioidea: veterinary importance
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companion animals may drink one/eat an insect containing one -> vomit -> owner gets concerned
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Infraphylum nematoda: common name
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roundworms
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Infraphylum nematoda: mono- or dio- ecious
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dioecious
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Infraphylum nematoda: complete or incomplete digestive tract
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complete
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Infraphylum nematoda: body cavity?
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yes; pseudo-coelom
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Infraphylum nematoda: where do they live
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many are free living, feeding on organic debris; others parasitize plants, vertebrates, invertebrates
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Infraphylum nematoda: lifecycle direct or indirect
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direct or indirect
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esophagus: muscular or glandular?
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anterior muscular, posterior glandular
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describe a rhabditiform esophagus
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anterior & posterior swellings; found in soil & plant nematodes, and pre-infective larval stages of several parasitic nematodes
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describe filariform esophagus
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simple tube-like structure
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describe club-shaped esophagus
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baseball ball shape
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describe bulbed esophagus
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has prominent bulb at posterior
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describe a schistosome shaped esophagus
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looks like a column of stacked donuts or lifesavers, often long string of cells, the esophagus may be longer than the remainder of the worm
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nematodes: male parts of repro tract
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spicules: chitinous organs of intromission, usually paired; bursa caudal alae with papillae are clasping organs for copulation; spermatozoa amoeboid
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nematodes: female parts of reprot tract
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vulva, vagina, ovajector, one or more uterine horns, ovary; vulva may be anterior, mid-body, or posterior; uterus contains reproductive product (eggs, larvated eggs, larvae)
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ornamentation of cuticle
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annulations, striations, bosses, cordons, alae, vesicles
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life stages of a nematode
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egg - 4 larval stages - adult
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L1 nematode larvae
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hatch, feeds on bacteria in fecal mass, undergoes period of molting to L2; free living; actively feed
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L3 nematode
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retains cuticle of L2 as outer sheath which protects it from env't, especally desiccation; usual infective stage
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L2 nematode
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free living; actively feeds on bacteria; in environment or intermediate host
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what governs development to infective stage (nematodes)
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environmental conditions of temperature & moisture; temperature - determines rate of development; moisture - necessary for development
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what stage is ingested by intermediate host (nematodes)
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larvated egg or L1 larvae; devleopment occurs within intermediate host to L3 stage
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direct vs indirect life cycle
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indirect: includes intermediate host
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L4 nematode
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migrates in host, may arrive at adult habitate, continue developing or may cease development for a period of time (hypobiosis); molt
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L5 nematode
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juvenile adult; complete migration, mature to reproducing adult
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nematode: molting fluids
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antigenic compounds -> initiate host immune response & with subsequent challenge, may stimulate resistance
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vertical transmission
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transmammary, transplacental
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nematode: local migration
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migration is localized (usually within gut) & essentially all of the parasitic stages are found in the same organ
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nematode: migration
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some nematodes participate in extensive migratino through tissues; this is directed by flow of fluids through the body; migration may be necessary for development to adult
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nematode: hepatotracheal migration
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gut -> mesenteric veins - portal vein - liver - hepatic veins - vena cava - right heart - lungs - bronchi - trachea, coughed up, swallowed & return to gut
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nematode: lymphatic tracheal migration
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gut - lymphatics - mesenteric lymph nodes - lymphatic ducts - thoracic duct - vena cava - right heart - bronchi - trachea, coughed up, swallowed and return to gut
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nematode: skin tracheal
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skin - capillaries - veins - vena cava - right heart - bronchi - trachea, coughed up, swallowed and pass into gut
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nematode: direct tissue migration
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direct penetration through organs with the migration toward a predilection site
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nematode: somatic migration
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after passing thorugh the lung hte larva passes back into the left heart and aorta and on to other tissues (hypobiosis; in a pregnant female, may cross the placenta -> babies); precondition for transplacental/transmammary transmission
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nematode: why do we use superfamilies?
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distinctive anatomical characteristics, similar migration patterns, similar reproductive products, utilize same tissues/organs of the host for repro, cause similar disease conditions, similar methods of control
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: class & order
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class secernentea, order rhabdiitia
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: parasitism
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most free living, some facultative parasites; only females parasitic
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: reproduction
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free living: sexual; parasitic: parthenogenesis
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: direct or indirect life cycle
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direct
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: larval infective stage
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L3
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: transmission
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skin penetration; ingestion (environment), mucous membrane penetration; transmammary
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: significance in young animals
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one of the first parasites occurring in young animals
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nematode superfamily rhabditoidea: eggs or larva passed?
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depending on the species, thin-shelled larvated eggs or larvae passed in feces
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strongyloides stercoralis: superfamily
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rhabditoidea
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strongyloides stercoralis: common name
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intestinal threadworm
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strongyloides stercoralis: where is it found in the body
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small intestine
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strongyloides stercoralis: hosts
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man, other primates, dog
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strongyloides stercoralis: esophagus
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L1 larvae passed in feces have rhabditiform esoph; adult - filariform
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strongyloides stercoralis: life cycle
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L1 pased in feces. L3 may develop into free-living adult or become infective & penetrate skin of host; continuous free-living cycles maintain parasite in env't
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strongyloides stercoralis: what determines if L3 will be free living or parthenogenic parasitic?
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genetic, external environmental factors
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strongyloides stercoralis: what environment do they like to reproduce in
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warm, moist, available organic material
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strongyloides stercoralis: what places are they a problem in
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kennels, puppy mills
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strongyloides stercoralis: life cycle in a susceptible host
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cutaneous tracheal migration; molting in lungs; immature adults coughed up, swallowed, mature in SI; burrow into mucosa of upper SI -> produce larvated eggs -> hatch before excretion; prepatent pd 1 month; some larva molt and develop into infective larvae & penetrate mucosa/perianal skin -> carried to lungs, repeat life cycle (= autoinfection), important in immune-suppressed indiv
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autoinfection
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ex) strongyloides stercoralis, some larvae molt & develop into infective larvae while in intestine & penetrate mucosa/perianal skin, carried to lungs, repeat life cycle; important in immune-suppressed indiv; young hosts, and those w/immune suppression, have increased autoinfection = pulmonary signs, watery diarrhea, abdominal distention, shock; perpetuates infection
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strongyloides stercoralis: prepatent period
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1 month
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strongyloides stercoralis: life cycle in resistant host
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L3 larvae; skin aortic migration; enter various tissues incl mammary gland; larvae mobilized & transferred to nursing offspring during first few weeks of lactation; older host w/normally funcitnoing immune system & prior exposure to parasite
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autoinfection in strongyloides
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most species do not have autoinfection; strongyloides stercoralis does
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transmammary transmission in strongyloides
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S. papillosus (horses), S. ransomi (swine), S. westeri (equids), S. stercoralis (man, dog)
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define prepatent period
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time from when parasite enters puppy to when it comes out other end
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superfamily ancylostomoidea: class & order
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class secernentea, order strongylida
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superfamily ancylostomoidea: where do they live in body
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small intestine
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superfamily ancylostomoidea: direct or indirect life cycle
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direct
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superfamily ancylostomoidea: what do females pass (reproductive product)
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thin-shelled segmented eggs
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family ancylostomidae: common name
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hookworms
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family ancylostomidae: where do they live in body
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small intestine
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family ancylostomidae: what do they feed on
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plug or blood feeders
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ancylostoma caninum: common name
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dog hookworm
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ancylostoma caninum: host spp
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dog, other canids
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ancylostoma caninum: superfamily
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ancylostomoidea
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ancylostoma caninum: what do they eat
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blood suckers
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ancylostoma caninum: method of infection
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skin penetration
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ancylostoma caninum: life cycle pre-host
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segmented oval eggs passed in feces; L1 larvae develop, hatch, 2 molts to infective stage; L3 retains cuticle of L2 stage as protective sheath
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ancylostoma caninum: life cycle in susceptible host
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skin tracheal migration, L3 coughed up, molt to L4 in intestinal mucosa & to adults in the lumen
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ancylostoma caninum: life cycle in resistant hosts
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skin-aortic migration with L3 becoming hypobiotic in somatic tissues; occasionally transplacental transmission, but transmammary transmission is the rule; L3 aquired form mother do not require further migration & mucosal devlopment occurs in pups
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ancylostoma caninum: L3 in the environment
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subject to desiccation; seldom found in regions of low humidity
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ancylostoma caninum: transmammary or transplacental transmission more common?
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transmammary
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ancylostoma caninum: prepatent period
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2-10 weeks or longer; can exsanguinate puppies before there is a patent infection
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ancylostoma caninum: cutaneous larva migrans
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if humans are exposed to L3 in env't, larvae enter skin & cause creeping eruption, localized migration; extremely pruritic; larvae cannot reach maturity in the host; may occasionally join deeper tissues & migrate in viscera = abdominal pain; most common w/A. braziliense (hosts = cats, dogs in tropical regions)
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ancylostoma caninum: clinical signs
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anemia; feces are black and tarry
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superfamily strongyloidea: class & order
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class secernentea, order strongylida
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superfamily strongyloidea: where does it live in the body?
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large intestine, respiratory tract, kidney fat
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superfamily strongyloidea: direct or indirect life cycle
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direct
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superfamily strongyloidea: what repro product do females pass?
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thin-shelled segmented eggs
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family strongylidae: superfamily?
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strongyloidea
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family strongylidae: common name
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strongyles, strongylids
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family strongylidae: where do they live in the body?
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large intestine, renal fat
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family strongylidae: what do they eat
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plug or blood feeders
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family strongylidae: how are infections aquired?
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ingesting L3; a few species may penetrate the skin
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Cyathostomes: family?
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strongylidae
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Cyathostomes: commonname
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blood worms, small strongyles
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Cyathostomes: host
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equids
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Cyathostomes: where do they live in the body
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large intestine
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Cyathostomes: migration
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mucosal
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Cyathostomes: life cycle up to infecting host
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segmented eggs passed in feces, L1 develop hatch, L1/L2 feed on bacteria in feces, larvae develop to L3 & infect host when grazing; enter mucosa as L3, molt to L4, return to lumen L5 or late L4
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Cyathostomes: hypobiosis?
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L3 - overwintering; L4 - density dependent; removal of adults stimulates activity of arrested larvae
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Cyathostomes: prepatent period
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2-3 months to several years
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Cyathostomes: pathogenesis
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nodules caused by larvae in wall of large intestine; adults feed on mucosa; some blood suckers; many nodules rupture releasing larvae at one time may cause a rxn, diarrhea may be clinical sigh; colitis; perforation of intestine: peritonitis, poor doers, weight loss
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Cyathostomiosis syndrome
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in younger (1-4yrs) horses usually in late winter/spring, often after deworming; lose body condition, non-febrile, deiarrhea; weight loss; disease occurs when large #s larvae leave intestinal wall during a short time, mechanical damage & release of vasoactive amines lead to malabsorption & weight loss; horses develop immunity due to age & prior infection
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most medically iportant parasites of horses in N. america?
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cyathostomes
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cyathostomes & fecal floats
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disease usually occurs in late winter / early spring & is associated with movement of arrested larvae out of wall of intestine into lumen of intestine -> fecal egg count may be low but many immature red worms may be seen in feces
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: class, order
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class secernentea; order strongylida
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: common name
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hairworms, trichostrongyles
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: where are they found in the body
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stomach, small intestine; 1 genus occurs in trachea & bronchi
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: hosts
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grazing animals
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economically important parasite of ruminants
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gastrointestinal trichostrongyles
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reproductive products passed in feces
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from GI: thin-shelled segmented egg; from trachea/bronchi: L1 larvae; eggs indistinguishable form strongyloidea
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: life cycle direct or indirect
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direct
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: migration
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local (gastric glands or deep between villi) for gastrointestinal parasites
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Superfamily trichostrongyloidea: hypobiosis?
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common strategy in avoiding unfavorable conditions in the environment or immune system of the host
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Haemonchus contortus: superfamily
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trichostrongyloidea
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Haemonchus contortus: where does it live in body
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GI tract; abomasum (3rd compartment camelids)
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Haemonchus contortus: host species
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small ruminants (sheep, goats, antelope, deer); cattle are infected by H. placei
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Haemonchus contortus: appearance of females
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red and white striped (blood-filled GIT, egg-filled uterus)
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Haemonchus contortus: what repro product is passed?
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oval, thin-shelled, segmented eggs; 5-6000 eggs/day produced
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Haemonchus contortus: differentiating eggs from other trichostrongyle-type eggs passed by ruminants
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cannot be done
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Haemonchus contortus: clinical signs
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anemia, hyperproteinemia, bottle jaw
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Haemonchus contortus: what do they eat
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blood sucker; L4 & adults can cause severe anemia
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what is the most economically damaging parasite to small ruminants
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Haemonchus contortus (in warm moist temperate & tropical regions)
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Haemonchus contortus: diagnosis
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confirm: adult worms ID'ed, L3 larvae ID's (cultured form eggs passed in feces, takes 7-9 days); suspect: trichostrongyle-type eggs in ruminant w/anemia & bottle jaw
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Haemonchus contortus: life cycle
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L1, L2 feed on fecal bacteria; cuticle of L2 not shed during molt; L3 cannot feed but are protected from desiccation; L3 leave fecal material in a film of moisture & ascend vegetation & are picked up during grazing; (require warm, moist conditions for transmission) survive winters as hypobiotic early L4 in abomasum; develop & emerge as late L4 larvae
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Haemonchus contortus: prepatent period
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15-21 days
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