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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
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1) CORNEAL ULCER
2) ORBITAL CELLULITIS 3) LOSS OF VISION TO THE AFFECTED EYE |
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WHAT ARE SIME OF THE ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS WITH A CORNEAL ABRASION
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SEVERE PAIN, TEARING, AND PHOTOPHOBIA
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WHAT ARE YOUR POTENTIAL TREATMENTS FOR A CORNEAL ABRASION
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1) ERYTHROMYCIN OINTMENT AND EYE PATCH
2) ERYTHROMYCIN OINTMENT USED QID W/ NO PATCH 3) TOBRAMYCIN OINTMENT USED QID W/ NO PATCH 4) ANY OPTHALMIC FLUOROQUINOLONE |
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WHAT MEDICATION CAN BE USED TO TREAT CORNEAL ABRASION PAIN
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CYCLOPENTOLATE 1%
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WHAT ARE SOME DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS’ FOR A CORNEAL ABRASION
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1) CONJUNCTIVAL ABRASION
2) SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMMORRHAGE 3) FOREIGN BODY |
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WHAT CAN YOU USE TO IDENTIFY THE DIMENSIONS OF A CORNEAL ABRASION
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SLIT LAMP
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FLOURESCENT STAINING WILL REVEAL WHAT AT THE SITE OF A CORNEAL ABRASION COMPARED TO THE SURROUNDING CORNEA
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A DEEPER GREEN AREA
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CORNEAL ABRASIONS RELATED TO THE WEARING OF SOFT CONTACT LENSES POSE A RISK OF PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION AND SHOULD NOT BE WHAT
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PATCHED
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CORNEAL ABRASIONS FROM ORGANIC SOURCES SHOULD NOT BE WHAT
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PATCHED
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ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS FOR AN OCCULAR FOREIGN BODY IS USUALLY WHAT
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COMPLAINT OF "SOMETHING IN EYE"
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WHAT SHOULD BE TESTED BEFORE ANY EYE COMPLAINT TREATMENT
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VISUAL ACUITY
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STEEL FOREIGN BODIES MAY LEAV WHAT WHICH CAN BE TOXIC TO THE CORNEAL TISSUE
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"RUST RING"
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WHAT ARE YOUR POTENTIAL PHYSICAL FINDINGS WITH REGARDS TO A OCCULAR FOREIGN BODY
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1) VISUALIZATION OF FOREIGN BODY WITH FLUORESCENT STAINING
2) INCREASE IN LACRIMATION AND REDNESS |
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WHAT TYPE OF IMAGING SHOULD BE USED FOR ALL CORNEAL FOREIGN BODIES
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SLIT LAMP
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES' FOR AN OCCULAR FOREIGN BODY
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1) DRY EYES
2) ULTRAVIOLET KERATITIS 3) CORNEAL ABRASION |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR AN OCULAR FOREIGN BODY
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1) REMOVE FOREIGN BODY WITH A WET CTA
2) TREAT FOR SIGNS OF CORNEAL ABRASION 3) REFER TO OPHTHALMOLOGIST IF RUST RING OR FOREIGN BODY CANNOT BE REMOVED |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH REGARDS TO AN OCULAR FOREIGN BODY
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1) CORNEAL ABRASION
2) CORNEAL ULCER 3) CORNEAL SCARRING |
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IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE BLINK REFLEX WHEN TREATING AN OCULAR FOREIGN BODY, WHAT MEDICATION WOULD YOU ADMINISTER
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PROPARACAINE 0.5% IN BOTH EYES
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS WITH A HYPHEMA
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BLOOD IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE, MOSTLY DUE TO RECENT TRAUMA
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WHAT ARE SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH REGARDS TO A HYPHEMA
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- USUALLY OCCURS FROM TRAUMA, BUT CAN BE SPONTANEOUS
- SPONTANEOUS HYPHEMAS ARE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE - IF A PT WITH KNOWN SICKLE CELL DISEASE HAS A SPONTANEOUS HYPHEMA, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS SHOULD BE STRICTLY AVOIDED |
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WHAT ARE SOME PHYSICAL FINDINGS WITH A HYPHEMA
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- VISUALIZATION OF BLOOD IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
- PAIN TO THE SURROUNDING AREA AND AFFECTED AREA |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS' WITH HYPHEMA
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- GLOBE RUPTURE
- SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE - BLOWOUT FRACTURE |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH HYPHEMA
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- ELEVATE THE PT'S HEAD
- ATROPINE 1%, 1 GTT TID - PREDNISOLONE 1%, 1GTT QID - IF IOP >30MMHG, GIVE TOPICAL B-BLOCKER (TIMOPIC 0.5%), 1GTT - IF THERE IS NO RESPONSE TO THE PRECEDING GIVE ORAL OR IV ACETAZOLOMIDE (DIAMOX) 500MG, AND ADD 1-2 G/KG OF MANNITOL |
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WITH REGARDS TO A PT WITH HYPHEMA, IF THE IOP IS GREATER THAN WHAT AND THE PT IS SICKLE CELL TRAIT-POSITIVE, DO NOT ADMINISTER (DIAMOX)
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24 MMHG
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS FOR A PT WITH HYPHEMA
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- INTRACTABLE GLAUCOMA
- VISION LOSS SECONDARY HEMORRHAGE |
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WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS FOR A BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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- DIPLOPIA AND RESTRICTION OF GAZE
- BLOOD AND FLUID IN THE MAXILLARY SINUS |
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ISOLATED BLOWOUT FRACTURES WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF ENTRAPMENT DO NOT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE SURGERY, AND CAN BE REFERRED TO A SPECIALIST FOR REPAIR WITHIN HOW LONG
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3 TO 10 DAYS
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WHAT ARE SOME OF THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS YOU COULD SEE WITH A BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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- X-RAY WLL BE POSITIVE FOR A CLOUDY APPEARANCE TO THE MAXILLARY SINUS ON THE SIDE OF TRAUMA
- RESTRICTION OF GAZE - ECCYMOSIS - CREPITUS - TTP |
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WHAT TYPE OF RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES CAN YOU GET FOR A PT WITH A SUSPECTED BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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SINUS CT SCAN, OR SINUS X-RAY (WATERS VIEW)
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WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS' FOR A PT WITH A BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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- ABRASION
- CONTUSION - RETINAL DETACHMENT |
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WHAT IS YOUR DISPOSITION FOR A PT WITH A HYPHEMA
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MEDEVAC
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WHAT IS YOUR DISPOSITION FOR A PT WITH A BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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MEDEVAC
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH A BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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- CEPHALEXIN 250-500 MG QID FOR TEN DAYS (PRESENCE OF SINUS WALL FRACTURES)
- REFER TO OPTHO FOR FURTHER TREATMENT PLAN AND TO R/O ANY UNIDENTIFIED RETINAL TEARS OR DETACHMENT |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS OF A BLOWOUT FRACTURE
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- RETINAL DETACHMENT
- SECONDARY INFECTION |
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WHAT ARE SOME ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS WITH REGARDS TO RETINAL DETACHMENT
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- CURTAIN SPREADING ACROSS FIELD OF VISION, OR SUDDEN ONSET OF VISUAL LOSS IN ONE EYE
- NO PAIN OR REDNESS |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS' FOR RETINAL DETACHMENT
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- CATARACT
- AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION - OCUAR TRAUMA |
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UNCOMPLICATED RETINAL DETACHMENTS ARE TREATED HOW
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BY PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR COMPLICATED RETINAL DETACHMENTS
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THEY REQUIRE SURGICAL REATTACHMENT OF THE RETINA
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HOW SHOULD YOU ADJUST A PT'S HEAD WITH A RETINAL DETACHMENT
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THEIR HEAD SHOULD REMAIN IN A POSITION SO THAT THE DETACHED PORTION OF THE RETINA WILL FALL BACK WITH THE AID OF GRAVITY
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR A PT WITH RETINAL DETACHMENT
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MEDEVAC (URGENT REFERRAL)
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WHAT ARE SOME OF THE POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS FOR A PT WITH RETINAL DETACHMENT
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- TOTAL DETACHMENT
- VISUAL CHANGES |
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WHAT ARE SOME ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS FOR SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
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- REDNESS IN THE CONJUNCTIVA
- NO PAIN |
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SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE IS CAUSED DUE TO RUPTURED VESSELS IN THE CONUNCTIVA, OFTEN CAUSED BY WHAT
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TRAUMA, SUDDEN VALSALVA PRESSURE (SNEEZING, COUGHING, VOMITING, STRAINING), HYPERTENSION, OR SPONTANEOUSLY WITHOUT ETIOLOGY
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WHAT LAB STUDIES CAN YOU CAN FOR A PT WITH SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
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COAGULATION STUDIES IF IT IS RECURRENT
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS' FOR SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
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- OCULAR TRAUMA
- CONJUNCTIVAL ABRASION - CONJUNCTIVAL FOREIGN BODY |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
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NONE REQUIRED (SELF RESOLVING WITHIN 2 WEEKS)
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WHAT ARE POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS FOR SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
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RECURRENT EPISODES
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS FOR AN ORBITAL LACERATION
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- LACERATION OF THE ORBIT
- PAIN - VISUAL ACUITY LOSS |
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WHAT LAB/RAD STUDIES ARE CONTRAINDICATED WITH AN ORBITAL LACERATION
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MRI IS CONTRAINDICATED DUE TO RISK OF MOVEMENT OF A FOREIGN BODY IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS' WITH AN ORBITAL LACERATION
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- LID LACERATION
- GLOBE RUPTURE |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR AN ORBITAL LACERATION
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- LIGHTLY BANDAGE AND COVER FWITH A METAL SHIELD THAT RESTS ON THE ORBIT BONE ABOVE AND BELOW
- INSTRUCT THE PT NOT TO SQUEEZE THE EYE SHUT |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH AN ORBITAL LACERATION
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- ENDOPTHALMITIS
- INFECTION EXTRUSION OF INTRAOCULAR CONTENTS |
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WHAT IS ULTRAVIOLET KERATITIS
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FLASH BURN
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WHAT ARE SOME ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS FOR A FLASH BURN
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- PAIN 6-12 HOURS AFTER AN EVENT (WELDING OPERATIONS/SKIING)
- PHOTOPHOBIA - TEARING AND FOREIGN BODY SENSATION |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS WITH A FLASH BURN
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- FLUORESCENT STAINING AND SLIT LAMP REVEALS DIFFUSE PUNCTUATE STAINING OF BORTH CORNEAS
- APPEARS AS NUMEROUS SMALL MICRODOTS OF STAINING ON THE CORNEAL SURFACE |
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WHAT ARE YOUR LAB/IMAGE FINDINGS WITH A FLASH BURN
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SLIT LAMP WITH COBALT-BLUE LIGHT
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WHAT ARE YOUR POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS' FOR A FLASH BURN
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- OCULAR FOREIGN BODY
- CORNEAL ABRASION |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR FLASH BURNS
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- 1% CYCLOPENTOLATE 1 GTT IN EACH EYE (MAY BE REPEATED Q6-8H PRN FOR PAIN.
- E-MYCIN OPTHALMIC OINTMENT NOW, THEN QID ONCE PATCH IS REMOVED - APPLY A PRESSURE PATCH FOR COMFORT FOR THE FIRST 24H; BILATERAL IS PREFERRED |
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WHAT WOULD BE THE DISPOSITION FOR A PT WITH A FLASH BURN TO THE EYES
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RETAIN UNLESS PAIN IS NOT RESOLVING
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WHAT ARE POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH A FLASH BURN
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DELAY OF CORNEAL EPITHELIAL HEALING IF LOCAL ANESTHETIC IS PRESCRIBED
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS FOR CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYES
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- CHEMICAL INJURY TO THE EYE
- PAIN - BURNING AND REDNESS |
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WHAT ARE SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYE
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ACID AND ALKILI BURNS (LYE, AMMONIA) CAN RAPIDLY PENETRATE THE CORNEA, AND AQUEOUS PH CAN RISE WITHIN MINUTES OF EXPOSURE, CAUSING DAMAGE TO THE INTRAOCULAR STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE IRIS AND LENS
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WHAT PHYSICAL FINDING COULD YOU EXPECT TO SEE WHEN TREATING CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYES
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- CHANGE IN VA
- REDNESS - CORNEAL CLOUDING OR AN EPITHELIAL DEFECT - CHEMOSIS (EDEMA OF THE BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA OVERLYING THE WHITE SCLERA |
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WHAT TYPE OF LAB/IMAGING FINDINGS COULD YOU USE WHEN TREATING A CHEMICAL BURN TO THE EYE
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LITMUS PAPER OR THE PH PORTION OF A URINE DIPSTICK CAN BE USED TO ASSESS THE PH OF THE TEARS IN THE LOWER CUL-DE-SAC
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYES
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- OCULAR FOREIGN BODY
- OCULAR TRAUMA |
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WHAT IS YOUR TREATMENT FOR CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYES
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- IMMEDIATE COPIOUS IRRIGATION WITH A MIN OF 1-2L OF NS OR UNTIL TEAR PH IS 7.5-8
- ADMINISTER E-MYCIN OINTMENT QID IF THERE IS NO CORNEAL EPITHELIAL DEFECT AND THE ANT SEGMENT ARE NORMAL *** IF THERE IS CORNEAL EPITHELIAL DEFECT OR THERE IS A CLOUDING, ADMINISTER E-MYCIN, AND EITHER 1% CYCLOPENTOLATE OR 0.25% SCOPOLAMINE WITH OPTIONAL EYE PATCHING |
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WHAT SHOULD BE YOUR DISPOSITION WHEN TREATING CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYES
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REFER IMMED TO E.D. AND OPTHO FOLLOW UP WITHIN 24H
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH CHEMICAL BURNS TO THE EYES
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- MUCOUS DEFICIENCY
- SCARRING OF THE CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA - TEAR DUCT OBSTRUCTION - SECONDARY INFECTION |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR AN OCULAR GLOBE RUPTURE
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TRAUMA TO THE EYE
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL PHYSICAL FINDINGS WHEN TREATING AN OCULAR GLOBE RUPTURE
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- SHALLOW ANT CHAMBER
- HYPHEMA - IRREGULAR PUPIL - SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN VA - POOR VIEW OF OPTIC NERVE *** USE SEIDELS TEST TO IDENTIFY WOUND LEAKS *** |
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WHAT ARE SOME LAB/IMAGING TESTS WHEN TREATING AN OCULAR GLOBE RUPTURE
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- SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
- WATERS VIEW X-RAY - ORBITAL CT AND U/S |
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WHAT ARE SOME DDX WHEN TREATING AN OCULAR GLOBE RUPTURE
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- PENETRATING WOUND
- INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY - HYPHEMA |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR AN OCULAR GLOBE RUPTURE
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*** DO NOT ATTEMPT IOPS ***
- PROTECTIVE SHIELD - CHECK TETANUS STATUS - NPO - IV CEPHALOSPORINS |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION WHEN TREATING AN OCULAR GLOBE RUPTURE
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REFERRAL TO E.D. AND OPTHO (MEDEVAC)
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS WHEN TREATING CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA IS RED, WITH COPIOUS WATERY DISCHARGE AND EXUDATE
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WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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ADENOVIRUS TYPE 3
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VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT
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- PHARYNGITIS
- FEVER - MALAISE - PREAURICULAR ADENOPATHY |
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VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS WILL USUALLY LAST FOR HOW LONG
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10 DAYS
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WHAT ARE YOUR PHYSICAL FINDING WHEN TREATING VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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RED CONJUNCTIVA, WATERY DISCHARGE SCANTY EXUDATE
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- ACUTE UVEITIS
- BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS - CHLAMYDIAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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NO SPECIFIC TX. ARTIFICIAL TEARS MAY HELP, COLD COMPRESSES, HAND WASHING. IDENTIFY CLOSE CONTACTS
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTION
- DISCOMFORT FROM LID EDEMA |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- COPIOUS AMT OF PURULENT DISCHARGE
- NO VISUAL BLURRING, ONLY MILD DISCOMFORT |
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STAPHYLOCOCCI, STREPTOCOCCI (S PNEUMONIA), HAEMOPHILUS SPECIES, PSEUDOMONAS, AND MORAXELLA ARE ORGANISMS MOST COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT EYE DISORDER
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BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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WHAT WOULD BE SOME OF YOUR PHYSICAL FINDINGS WHEN TREATING BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- EYE REDNESS
- PURULENT DISCHARGE |
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WHAT ARE YOUR LAB/IMAGING STUDIES DONE WHEN TREATING BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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STAIN CONJUNCTIVAL SCRAPINGS AND CULTURES
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WHAT ARE YOUR POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
- CONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITS |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- DISEASE IS USUALLY SELF LIMITED, LASTING 10-14 DAYS IF UNTREATED
- TX WITH SULFACETAMIDE 10% OPTHALMIC SOLUTION OR OINTMENT TID SHOULD CLEAR THE INFECTION WITHIN 2-3D - HAND WASHING - IDENTIFY CLOSE CONTACTS |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR A PT DX WITH BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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RETAIN ON BOARD
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WHAT ARE SOME COMPLICATIOSN WHEN TREATING BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
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- DISCOMFORT
- SPREAD OF INFECTION TO THE OTHER EYE |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING CORNEAL ULCERS
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- PAIN
- PHOTOPHOBIA - TEARING AND REDUCED VISION - IMPROPER CONTACT LENS WEAR, ESPECIALLY OVERNIGHT - RECENT REFRACTIVE SURGERY |
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PSEUDOMONAS, AERUGINOSA, PNEUMOCOCCUS, MORAXELLA SPECIES, AND STAPHYLOCOCCI ARE PATHOGENS MOST COMMONLY ISOLATED WITH WHAT EYE CONDITION
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CORNEAL ULCER
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ESSENTIALS OF Dx FOR PENETRATING WOUND TO THE EYE?
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PAIN, REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY, Hx OF SOMETHING HITTING THE EYE
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WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH A PENETRATING EYE WOUND?
|
IF EYELID IS INVOLVED POSSIBLE GLOBE LACERATION, TETANUS STATUS SHOULD BE OBTAINED, USUALLY OCCURS WHEN HAMMERING OR GRINDING METAL
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS WITH A PENETRATING EYE WOUND?
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DECREASED VISUAL ACUITY OR MEDIA OPACITY, POOR VIEW OF OPTIC NERVE, MODIFIED SEIDEL TEST HELPS IDENTIFY WOUND LEAKS, VISUALIZATION OF PENETRATING OBJECT IN THE EYE
|
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WHAT ARE THE LAB/IMAGING FINDINGS OF A PENETRATING WOUND TO THE EYE?
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WATERS VIEW X-RAY, ORBITAL CT SCAN OR ULTRASONOGRAPHY CAN BE USED
|
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WHAT ARE THE DDX'S WHEN TREATING A PENETRATING EYE WOUND?
|
- RUPTURED GLOBE
-HYPHEMA -INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY |
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WHAT IS THE TX OF A PENETRATING WOUND TO THE EYE?
|
-NO IOP
-SECURE ITEM IN PLACE -DO NOT REMOVE ITEM -PATCH BOTH EYES TO PREVENT OCULAR MOVEMENT -CHECK TETANUS STATUS -ADMINISTER IVE CEPHALOSPORIN -NPO -GET TO ADVANCED CARE |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION OF A PPENETRATING WOUND TO THE EYE?
|
-SEND TO ER WITH EMERGANT REFERRAL TO OPTHALMOLOGIST
|
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WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF A PENETRATING WOUND TO THE EYE?
|
-SECONDARY INFECTION
-TETANUS -LOSS OF VISION |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR GONOCOCCAL CONJUCTIVITIS?
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-PURULENT DISCHARGE
-HX OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY |
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WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
|
-ACQUIRED THROUGH CONTACT WITH INFECTED GENITAL SECRETIONS
-EMERGENCY DUE TO POSSIBILITY OF PERFORATION WITH CORNEAL INVOLVEMENT |
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WHAT ARE SOME PHYSICAL FINDINGS YOU MAY SEE WITH A PT WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
|
- RED EYE WITH PREDOMINANTLY CIRCUM CORNEAL INJECTION, WITH PURULENT OR WATERY DISCHARGE
- CORNEA IS A HAZY APPEARANCE WITH A CENTRAL ULCER AND ADJACENT STROMAL ABSCESS. - HYPOPYON IS ALSO OFTEN PRESENT (PUS IN THE ANT CHAMBER) |
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WHAT ARE SOME LAB/IMAGING STUDIES ASSOCIATED WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
|
CORNEAL SCRAPE OF THE ULCER FOR GRAM STAIN AND CULTURE PRIOR TO TX WITH HIGH CONCENTRATION ABX
|
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING A PT WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
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- HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS
- CORNEAL ABRASION - OCULAR FOREIGN BODY |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
|
- FLUOROQUINOLONES SUCH AS LEVOFLOXACIN 0.5%, OXFLOXACIN 0.3%, NORFLOXACIN 0.3%, OR CIPROFLOXACIN 0.3% ARE USED AS FIRST LINE AGENTS. (APPLY HOURLY FOR THE FIRST TWO DAYS, DAY AND NIGHT)
- MOXIFLAXACIN 0.5% & GATIFLOXACIN 0.3% ARE ALSO ACTIVE AGAINST MYCOBACTERIA BUT OTHERWISE MAY NOT BE PREFERABLE - GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI USE CEFAZOLIN 10% - GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI USE TOBRAMYCIN 1.5% *** ONLY TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS SHOULD BE PRESCRIBED BY AN OPTHOMOLOGIST *** |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR A PT DX WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
|
REFER EMERGENTLY TO AN OPHTHALMOLOGIST (MEDEVAC)
|
|
WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A CORNEAL ULCER
|
- CORNEAL SCARRING
- INTRAOCULAR INFECTION |
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING A PT WITH A HERPATIC LESION OF THE EYE
|
- CORNEAL ULCER
- FUNGAL KERATITIS - HERPES ZOSTER OPTHALMICUS |
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING A PT WITH DACRYOCYSTITIS
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- CONJUNCTIVITIS
- CHALAZION - HORDEOLUM |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING A PT WITH BLEPHARITIS
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- EYE IRRITATION, BURNING, AND ITCHING
- HX OF RECURRENT CONJUNCTIVITIS |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH BLEPHARITIS
|
- MILD ENTROPION, AND GREASY OR FROTHY TEARS
- RED-RIMMED EYES AND SCALES OR GRANULATIONS CLINGING TO THE LID LASHES (ANTERIOR) - HYPEREMIC LID MARGINS WITH TELANGIECTASIAS, MEIMOBIAN GLANDS ARE INFLAMED WITH GLAND DILATION (POSTERIOR) |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS OF GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
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-COPIOUS PURULENT DISCHARGE
|
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WHAT ARE THE STUDIES OF GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
|
-STAINED SMEAR
-CULTURE OF DISCHARGE |
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WHAT ARE THE DDX;S OF GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
|
-VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
-ACUTE UVEITIS -ACUTE GLAUCOMA |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
|
-SINGLE 1g DOSE CEFTRIAXONE IM
-TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS SUCH AS ERYTHROMYCIN AND BACITRACIN MAY BE ADDED -CONSIDER OTHER STI's |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
|
-REFER TO OPTHALMOLOGIST FOR EMERGENT EVALUATION
|
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WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS FOR GONOCOCCAL CONJUNCTIVITIS?
|
-CORNEA INVOLVEMENT
-PERFORATION OF CORNEA |
|
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF A PERITONSILAR ABSCESS?
|
-AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
-RUPTURE OF ABSCESS WITH ASPIRATION OF CONTENTS -EPIGLOTTITIS -SEPTICEMIA -ENDOCARDITIS -RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS -MEDIASTINITIS |
|
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PERITONSILAR ABSCESS?
|
-NEEDLE ASPIRATION WITH A 19 OR 21 GAUGE NEEDLE NO LESS GREATER THAN 1CM DEEP
-PCN VK 500MG PO QID X10 DAYS -AUGMENTIN 500MG PO TID X10 DAYS -CLINDAMYCIN 150-450MG PO QID X10 DAYS OR 600-900MG IV Q8H |
|
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR LUDWIGS ANGINA?
|
-EDEMA
-ERYTHEMA OF THE UPPER NECK AND CHIN AND OFTEN FLOOR OF MOUTH -ODYNOPHAGIA -TRISMUS -DYSPHAGIA |
|
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF LUDWIGS ANGINA?
|
-AIRWAY COMPROMISE
-INFECTION SPREADS |
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WHAT ARE YOUR PHYSICAL FINDINGS WHEN TREATING A PT WITH A PTERYGIUM
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- FLESHY TRIANGULAR ENCROACHMENT TO CONJUNCTIVA
- MAY BECOME INFLAMED AND GROW |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT DIAGNOSED WITH A PTERYGIUM
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NO TREATMENT IS REQUIRED, BUT ARTIFICIAL TEARS ARE OFTEN BENEFICIAL AND SHORT COURSES OF TOPICAL NSAID AGENTS (PREDNISOLONE 0.125%)
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR A PT WITH A CHALAZION
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- GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE MEIMOBIAN GLAND
- HARD NON-TENDER SWELLING ON THE UPPER AND LOWER LID (USUALLY FOLLOWS A HORDEOLUM) |
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING A PT WITH A CHALAZION
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- HORDEOLUM
- BLEPHARITIS |
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WHAT ARE THE PREDISPOSING FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH GLAUCOMA
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- AGE, OWING TO ENLARGEMENT OF CRYSTALLINE LENS
- FARSIGHTEDNESS - INHERITANCE MOSTLY PREVALENT TO ASIAN AND INUIT'S - DURING TIMES OF STRESS - FOLLOWING NONOCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF ANTICHOLINERGIC OR SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH IRITIS
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- LOSS OF VISION
- RETINAL NECROSIS |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING AURICULAR HEMATOMA
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- HX OF AURICULAR HEMATOMA
- EDAMATOUS, FLUCTUANT, AND ECCHYMOTIC PINNA WITH LOSS OF NORMAL CARTILAGINOUS LANDMARKS |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR AN AURICULAR HEMATOMA
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- SKIN INCISION PARALLEL WITH THE NATURAL AURICULAR SKIN FOLDS
- IRRIGATIONS - TOPICAL ABX (BACTROBAN) - SPLINTING THE AREA IS AVAILABLE |
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH AN AURICULAR HEMATOMA
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CARTILAGE NECROSIS AND PERMANENT DISFIGUREMENT KNOW AS "CAULIFLOWER EAR"
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WITH A TM PERFORATION
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- PERFORATION OF THE TM CAUSED BY IMPACT, INJURY, OR EXPLOSIVE ACOUSTIC TRAUMA
- CAN BE CAUSED FROM SECONDARY INFECTIONS DUE TO WATER EXPOSURE |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS
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- AUDIOGRAM TESTING CONFIRMS SIGNIFICANT HEARING LOSS
- NO OTHER SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS NOTED - POSITIVE WEBER AND RHINNE |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS
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- REMOVE THE MEMBER FROM FURTHER EXPOSURE
- EDUCATE ON WEARING EAR PLUGS - REFER TO SPECIALIST FOR FURTHER EVALUATION |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH OTITIS EXTERNA
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- ERYTHEMA
- EDEMA OF THE EAR CANAL WITH PURULENT EXUDATE - MANIPULATION OF THE AURICLE OFTEN ELICITS PAIN - ERYTHEMATOUS TM - DUE TO THE EDEMA, THE TM MAY NOT BE ABLE TO BE VISUALIZED |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH OTITIS EXTERNA
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- NEOMYCIN SULFATE, POLYMYCIN B SULFATE, AND HYDROCORTISONE (CORTISPORIN OTIC)
- CIPRO HC OTIC (IF NO PERFORATION PRESENT) - APPLY EAR WICK IF THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL EDEMA - IF CELLULITIS OF PERIAURICULAR TISSUE IS EVIDENT PRESCRIBE CIPROFLOXACIN 500MG - IF CHRONIC IN NATURE REFER TO ENT |
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WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING A PT FOR LABRYNTHITIS
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- VERTIGO
- TINNITUS - MENIERE'S DISEASE (SNHL, VERTIGO, AND TINNITUS) |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH LABRYNTHITIS
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- CEPHTRIAXONE PLUS VANCOMYCIN OR RIFAMPIN (18-50 Y/O)
- CEPHTRIAXONE PLUS AMPICILLIN PLUS VANCOMYCIN OR RIFAMPIN - CHLORAMPHENICAL (OVER 50 Y/O) IF ALLERGY TO PCN - DIAZEPAM OR MECLIZINE FOR AN ACUTE PHASE OF THE ATTACK |
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING A PT FOR OTITIS MEDIA
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- OTALGIA, OFTEN WITH A URI.
- ERYTHEMA AND HYPO MOBILITY OF THE TM - DECREASED HEARING AND OFTEN FEVER |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH OTITIS MEDIA
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- PREFERRED TREATMENT IS AMOXACILLIN
ALTERNATIVE - TMP-SMX - AZYTHROMYCIN - CEFUROXIME - IF UNRESPONSIVE TO INITIAL TX WITH CEFUROXIME OR AUGMENTIN MAY BE GIVEN - ACETAMINOPHEN AND NSAIDS FOR PAIN - NASAL DECONGESTANTS AND FOLLOW UP TO LOOK FOR ANY ANATOMIC OBSTRUCTION OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE |
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WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA
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- REMOVAL OF INFECTED DEBRIS
- EARPLUGS TO PROTECT AGAINST WATER EXPOSURE - TOPICAL ABX DROPS (CIPRO) |
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WHAT ARE SOME EXPECTED PHYSICAL FINDING ASSOCIATED WITH MASTOIDITIS
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- EDEMA
- TENDERNESS - PROTRUSION OF THE AURICLE AND THE OBLITERATION OF THE POST AURICULAR CREASE - RADIOGRAPHY REVEALS MASTOID CLOUDING |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PT WITH MASTOIDITIS
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- CEFUROXIME
- CEFTRIAXONE - CLIDAMYCIN - ADMISSION FOR TYMPANOCENTESIS, AND MYRINGOTOMY - I&D OF PERIOSTEAL ABSCESS OR MASTOIDECTOMY MAY BE INDICATED |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
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-ANTIBIOTICS- BENZATHINE PCN, PCN VK, DICLOXACILLIN, AUGMENTIN, AZITHROMYCIN
-ANALGESICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY -SALT WATER GARGLES -LOZENGES -NYSTATIN ORAL SUSPENSION OR CLOTRIMAZOLE TROCHES FOR FUNGAL |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
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-RETAIN UNLESS COMPLICATIONS
-REFER FOR TONSILLECTOMY FOR 3 OR MORE IN EACH OF 3 YEARS, 5 OR MORE IN EACH OF 2 YEARS, OR 7 OR MORE IN 1 YEAR |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS OF PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
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-MOST SUGGESTIVE OF GROUP A B HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION PRESENT WITH A FEVER OVER 38 DEGREES CELSIUS
-TENDER ANTERIOR CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY -LACK OF COUGH -PHARYNGOTONSILLAR EXUDATES -THIS IS CALLED "THE CENTOR CRITERIA" |
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WHAT ARE THE DDX's FOR PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
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-PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
-LARYNGITIS -EPIGLOTTITIS -HIV |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS FOR LARYNGEAL FX?
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-BLEEDING, EXPANDING HEMATOMAS, BRUITS, AND LOSS OF PULSES ARE SIGNS OF ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR INJURY
-APNEA DUE TO AIRWAY COMPROMISE, HEMOPTYSIS, ANTERIOR NECK PAIN, AND COUGH |
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WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS FOR A LARYNGEAL FOREIGN BODY?
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-DAMAGE TO ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA
-LOBAR ATELECTASIS OR PNEUMONIA MAY DEVELOP IF FOREIGN BODY IS ASPIRATED |
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS FOR A LARYNGEAL FOREIGN BODY?
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-DYSPHAGIA
-ODYNOPHAGIA -DROOLING -WHEEZING -COUGH -BARIUM SWALLOW COULD BE PERFORMED IF FOREIGN BODY IS SUSPECTED |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS?
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-**ANTIHISTAMINES - BROPHENIRAMINE, CHLORPHENIRAMINE, LORATADINE, CLEMASTINE, FEXOFENADINE,
-INTRANASAL CORTICOSTEROIDS - BECLOMETHASONE, FLUNISOLIDE, MOMETASONE -**EDUCATE PATIENT TO COVER PILLOWS AND MATTRESSES WITH PLASTIC -AIR PURIFIERS AND DUST FILTERS - REFER FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY IF ALL TX OPTIONS DON'T RESOLVE |
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WHAT ARE THE DDX's FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS?
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-VIRAL RHINITIS
-UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION -SINUSITIS |
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WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR SINUSITIS?
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-RETAIN
-IF EVIDENCE OF INFECTION SPREADING BEYOND NASAL CAVITY MEDEVAC |
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WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS FOR A PT WITH CHOLESTEATOMA
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- BONE EROSION
- INNER EAR EROSION WITH FACIAL NERVE AND INTRACRANIAL INVOLVEMENT |
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WHAT ARE SOME PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH VERTIGO
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PERIPHERAL
- SUDDEN ONSET, INTENSE SPINNING, INTERMITTENT IN PATTERN, AGGRAVATED BY MOVEMENT, ROTARY-VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL NYSTAGMUS, HEARING LOSS, ABNORMAL TM, NAUSEA OR DIAPHORETIC CENTRAL - SUDDEN OR SLOW ONSET, LESS INTENSE SPINNING, CONSTANT PATTERN, AND AGGRAVATION BY POSITION IS VARIABLE SO IS ANY PRESENCE OF NAUSEA AND DIAPHORESIS |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PT WITH VERTIGO
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*** TREAT THE KNOW CAUSE FOR THE SYMPTOMS ***
- ANTICHOLINERGICS (SCOPOLAMINE) - ANTIHISTAMINES (DIPHENYDRAMINE, MECLIZINE) - ANTIEMETICS (PROMETHAZINE) - BENZODIAZAPINES (DIAZEPAM) |
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WHAT ARE THE LAB/IMAGING STUDIES DONE FOR A PT WITH EPISTAXIS
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- MR OR CT ARTERIOGRAPHY TO R/O OSLER-WEBER-RENDU SYNDROME
- CBC IS A LARGE AMOUNT OF BLEEDING HAS OCCURRED - PLATELET FUNCTION STUDIES MAY ALSO BE INDICATED |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PT WITH A NASAL FX
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- IF THE FX IS MINIMAL OR NONDISPLACED THEN ANALGESICS, NASAL DECONGESTANTS, AND PREVENTION FROM FURTHER INJURY IS INDICATED
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WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR A NASAL FX
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- HX OF RECENT TRAUMA TO THE MIDFACE
- PRESENCE OF EPISTAXIS OR RHINORRHEA - HX OF PREVIOUS INJURY - NEW ONSET OF NASAL AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION OR DEFORMITY |
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HOW MANY PAIRS OF SALIVARY GLANDS ARE THERE
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THREE (PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, AND SUBLINGUAL)
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WHAT ARE THE PURPOSE OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
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THEY MOISTEN THE MOUTH, INHIBIT FORMATION OF DENTAL CARIES, AND INITIATES DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
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WHAT MUSCLE GROUPS HELP SUPPORT AND MOVE THE NECK
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SCM AND TRAPEZIUS
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WHAT IS THE LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND IN THE BODY
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THE THYROID
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WHAT IS THE TERM CALLED FOR SHORTENING OF A STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE
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TORTICOLIS
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WHEN INSPECTING THE FACIAL FEATURES, WHAT TWO CRANIAL NERVES ARE YOU TESTING THE INTEGRITY OF
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- CN V TRIGEMINAL
- CN VII FACIAL |
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WHEN FACIAL ASYMMETRY IS PRESENT, WHAT DO YOU WANT TO NOTE
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WHETHER ALL FEATURES ON ONE SIDE OF THE FACE ARE AFFECTED, OR ONLY A PORTION OF THE FACE, SUCH AS THE FOREHEAD, LOWER FACE, OR MOUTH
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WHEN INSPECTING THE NECK, WHAT SHOULD YOU BE LOOKING FOR
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- SYMMETRY
- TRACHEAL DEVIATION - JVD OR CAROTID ARTERY PROMINENCE |
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A MASS FILLING THE BASE OF THE NECK OR VISIBLE THYROID TISSUE THAT GLIDES UPWARD WHEN THE PATIENT SWALLOWS MAY INDICATE WHAT
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AN ENLARGED THYROID
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WHAT IS THE DURATION FOR A CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE
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HOURS TO DAYS
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WHAT IS THE TIME OF ONSET FOR CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHES
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MORNING OR NIGHT
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WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH A CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE
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PULSATING OR THROBBING
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WHAT IS THE PRODROMAL EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE HEADACHES
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VAGUE NEUROLOGIC CHANGES, PERSONALITY CHANGE, FLUID RETENTION, APPETITE LOSS TO WELL-DEFINED NEUROLOGIC EVENT, SCOTOMA, APHASIA, HEMIANOPSIA, AURA
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WHAT IS THE USUAL DURATION FOR A CLUSTER HEADACHE
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1/2 TO 2 HOURS
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WHAT IS THE USUAL TIME OF ONSET OF A CLUSTER HEADACHE
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NIGHTTIME
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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS FOR SINUSITIS?
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-TTP AND PERCUSSION OVER THE AFFECTED SINUS
-DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF NASAL CAVITY MAY SHOW SWOLLEN, ERYTHEMATOUS MUCOSA WITH PURULENT DRAINAGE -DIMINISHED TRANSILLUMINATION OF AFFECTED SINUS |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR A SEPTAL HEMATOMA?
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-I&D TO THE INFERIOR MUCOPERICHONDRIUM ON BOTH SIDES
-PACKING OF NASAL CAVITY TO PREVENT REACCUMULATION -ANTIBIOTICSW IF INFECTION HAS DEVELOPED CEPHALEXIN, DICLOXACILLIIN, OR SEPTRA |
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WHAT IS THE TX FOR A NASAL FOREIGN BODY?
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-PREPARE THE NASAL MUCOSA WITH A MIXTURE OF VASOCONSTRICTORS (EPI AND XYLO)
-POSITIVE PRESSURE TECHNIQUE -REMOVAL OF THE OBJECT USING A SUCTION CATHETER -GRASPING THE OBJECT WITH BAYONET OR ALLIGATOR FORCEPS -PASSING A CURETTE BEYONF THE OBJECT, ROTATING THE INSTRUMENT, AND PULLING THE FOREIGN BODY OUT -ANTIBIOTICS IF INFECTION DEVELOPED - AMOXICILLIN, SEPTRA, |
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WHAT ARE THE SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR PAIN CALLED?
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NOCICEPTORS ARE FREE NERVE ENDINGS THAT ARE FOUND IN PRACTICALLY EVERY TISSUE OF THE BODY EXCEPT THE BRAIN
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PAIN?
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-FAST PAIN OCCURS VERY RAPIDLY, NOT FELT IN DEEPER TISSUES OF THE BODY
-SLOW PAIN BEGINS A SECOND OR MORE AFTER A STIMULUS IS APPLIED, CAN BE FELT IN SKIN AND DEEPER TISSUES OR INTERNAL ORGANS |
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DESCRIBE REFERRED PAIN?
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PAIN FELT IN OR JUST DEEP TO THE SKIN THAT OVERLIES THE STIMULATED ORGAN, OR IN A SURFACE AREA FAR FROM THE STIMULATED ORGAN
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ALLOWS US TO KNOW WHERE OUR HEAD AND LIMBS ARE LOCATED AND HOW THEY ARE MOVING SUBCONSCIOUSLY ARE KNOWN AS?
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
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THE PERCEPTION OF BODY MOVEMENTS IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
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KINESTHESIA
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WHERE ARE PROPRIOCEPTORS LOCATED?
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-SKELETAL MUSCLES, TENDONS, IN AND AROUND SYNOVIAL JOINTS ALL OF WHICH INFORM US OF THE DEGREE TO WHICH MUSCLES ARE CONTRACTED, THE AMOUNT OF TENSION ON TENDONS AND THE POSITIONS OF JOINTS
-HAIR CELLS OF THE INNER EAR MONITOR THE ORIENTATION OF THE HEAD RELATIVE TO THE GROUND AND HEAD POSITION DURING MOVEMENT |
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WHAT ALLOW US TO ESTIMATE THE WEIGHT OF OBJECTS AND DETERMINE THE MUSCULAR EFFORT NECESSARY TO LIFT THEM?
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
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WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH CLUSTER HEADACHES
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INTENSE BURNING, BORING, SEARING, KNIFELIKE
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WHAT PRODROMAL EVENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CLUSTER HEADACHES
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PERSONALITY CHANGES, AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL FREQUENCY OF CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHES
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TWICE A WEEK
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL FREQUENCY OF CLUSTER HEADACHES
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SEVERAL TIMES NIGHTLY FOR SEVERAL NIGHTS, THEN NONE
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL LOCATION OF MIGRAINE HEADACHES
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UNILATERAL OR GENERALIZED
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL LOCATION OF CLUSTER HEADACHES
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UNILATERAL
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WHAT ARE USUALLY THE PRECIPITATING EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE HEADACHES
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MENSTRUAL PERIOD, MISSING MEALS, BIRTH CONTROL PILLS, LETDOWN AFTER STRESS
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WHAT ARE USUALLY THE PRECIPITATING EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH CLUSTER HEADACHES
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ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
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WHEN PALPATING THE THYROID, WHAT ARE YOU PALPATING FOR
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SIZE, SHAPE, NODULES, TENDERNESS, AND CONSISTANCY
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IF THE THYROID IS ENLARGED WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO
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AUSCULTATE FOR BRUITS
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WHAT SUPERFICIAL LYMPH NODES OF THE NECK ARE YOU INSPECTING AND PALPATING
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- OCCIPITAL
- PRE/POSTAURICULAR - PAROTID - TONSILLAR - ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR CERVICAL CHAIN - SUBMANDIBULAR - SUBMENTAL - SUPRACLAVICULAR |
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WHAT CHART IS USED TO ASSESS A PT'S DISTANT VISUAL ACUITY
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SNELLEN CHART @ 20'
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WHAT CHART IS USED TO ASSESS A PT'S NEAR VISUAL ACUITY
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ROSENBAUM OR JAEGER CARD @ 14"
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THE MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY TESTS WHAT CN, AND IS ESSENTIALLY A MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL VISION
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CN II (OPTIC NERVE)
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WHAT IS THE THIRD AND INNER COAT OF THE EYEBALL?
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RETINA, LINES THE POSTERIOR 3/4 OF THE EYEBALL AND IS THE BEGINNING OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
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WHAT ARE THE THREE DISTINCT LAYERS OF THE RETINA?
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-PHOTO RECEPTOR
-BIPOLAR CELL LAYER -GANGLION CELL LAYER |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO SPECIALIZED PHOTORECEPTORS THAT CONVERT LIGHT RAYS INTO NERVE IMPULSES?
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CONES AND RODS
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WHAT ALLOW US TO SEE SHADES OF GRAY IN DIM LIGHT?
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RODS
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WHAT ARE STIMULATED BY BRIGHT COLORS GIVING THE ABILITY OF HIGHLY ACUTE COLOR VISION?
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CONES
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WHAT IS THE AUDITORY PATHWAY?
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1. AURICLE CATCHES EXTERNAL SOUNDS WAVES AND CHANNELS THEM TO THE MIDDLE EAR
2. SOUND WAVES STRIKE THE EARDRUM CAUSING VIBRATION 3. ELECTRICAL IMPULSES PICKED UP BY SENSORY NEURONS IN COCHLEAR BRANCH OF VESTIBULOCOCHLEARAND TRANSMITTED TO MEDULLA OBLONGATA 4. AXONS ASCEND TO THE MIDBRAIN, THEN THALAMUS, AND FINALLY TO THE PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE 5. AXONS CROSS FROM BOTH SIDES SO LEFT AND RIGHT AUDITORY AREAS RECEIVE IMPULSES FROM BOTH EARS |