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89 Cards in this Set

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WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF A PERITONSILAR ABSCESS?
-AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
-RUPTURE OF ABSCESS WITH ASPIRATION OF CONTENTS
-EPIGLOTTITIS
-SEPTICEMIA
-ENDOCARDITIS
-RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
-MEDIASTINITIS
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PERITONSILAR ABSCESS?
-NEEDLE ASPIRATION WITH A 19 OR 21 GAUGE NEEDLE NO LESS GREATER THAN 1CM DEEP
-PCN VK 500MG PO QID X10 DAYS
-AUGMENTIN 500MG PO TID X10 DAYS
-CLINDAMYCIN 150-450MG PO QID X10 DAYS OR 600-900MG IV Q8H
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR LUDWIGS ANGINA?
-EDEMA
-ERYTHEMA OF THE UPPER NECK AND CHIN AND OFTEN FLOOR OF MOUTH
-ODYNOPHAGIA
-TRISMUS
-DYSPHAGIA
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF LUDWIGS ANGINA?
-AIRWAY COMPROMISE
-INFECTION SPREADS
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING AURICULAR HEMATOMA
- HX OF AURICULAR HEMATOMA
- EDAMATOUS, FLUCTUANT, AND ECCHYMOTIC PINNA WITH LOSS OF NORMAL CARTILAGINOUS LANDMARKS
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR AN AURICULAR HEMATOMA
- SKIN INCISION PARALLEL WITH THE NATURAL AURICULAR SKIN FOLDS
- IRRIGATIONS
- TOPICAL ABX (BACTROBAN)
- SPLINTING THE AREA IS AVAILABLE
WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS WITH AN AURICULAR HEMATOMA
CARTILAGE NECROSIS AND PERMANENT DISFIGUREMENT KNOW AS "CAULIFLOWER EAR"
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WITH A TM PERFORATION
- PERFORATION OF THE TM CAUSED BY IMPACT, INJURY, OR EXPLOSIVE ACOUSTIC TRAUMA
- CAN BE CAUSED FROM SECONDARY INFECTIONS DUE TO WATER EXPOSURE
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS
- AUDIOGRAM TESTING CONFIRMS SIGNIFICANT HEARING LOSS
- NO OTHER SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS NOTED
- POSITIVE WEBER AND RHINNE
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS
- REMOVE THE MEMBER FROM FURTHER EXPOSURE
- EDUCATE ON WEARING EAR PLUGS
- REFER TO SPECIALIST FOR FURTHER EVALUATION
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH OTITIS EXTERNA
- ERYTHEMA
- EDEMA OF THE EAR CANAL WITH PURULENT EXUDATE
- MANIPULATION OF THE AURICLE OFTEN ELICITS PAIN
- ERYTHEMATOUS TM
- DUE TO THE EDEMA, THE TM MAY NOT BE ABLE TO BE VISUALIZED
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH OTITIS EXTERNA
- NEOMYCIN SULFATE, POLYMYCIN B SULFATE, AND HYDROCORTISONE (CORTISPORIN OTIC)
- CIPRO HC OTIC (IF NO PERFORATION PRESENT)
- APPLY EAR WICK IF THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL EDEMA
- IF CELLULITIS OF PERIAURICULAR TISSUE IS EVIDENT PRESCRIBE CIPROFLOXACIN 500MG
- IF CHRONIC IN NATURE REFER TO ENT
WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DDX WHEN TREATING A PT FOR LABRYNTHITIS
- VERTIGO
- TINNITUS
- MENIERE'S DISEASE (SNHL, VERTIGO, AND TINNITUS)
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH LABRYNTHITIS
- CEPHTRIAXONE PLUS VANCOMYCIN OR RIFAMPIN (18-50 Y/O)
- CEPHTRIAXONE PLUS AMPICILLIN PLUS VANCOMYCIN OR RIFAMPIN
- CHLORAMPHENICAL (OVER 50 Y/O) IF ALLERGY TO PCN
- DIAZEPAM OR MECLIZINE FOR AN ACUTE PHASE OF THE ATTACK
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX WHEN TREATING A PT FOR OTITIS MEDIA
- OTALGIA, OFTEN WITH A URI.
- ERYTHEMA AND HYPO MOBILITY OF THE TM
- DECREASED HEARING AND OFTEN FEVER
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH OTITIS MEDIA
- PREFERRED TREATMENT IS AMOXACILLIN

ALTERNATIVE
- TMP-SMX
- AZYTHROMYCIN
- CEFUROXIME

- IF UNRESPONSIVE TO INITIAL TX WITH CEFUROXIME OR AUGMENTIN MAY BE GIVEN

- ACETAMINOPHEN AND NSAIDS FOR PAIN
- NASAL DECONGESTANTS AND FOLLOW UP TO LOOK FOR ANY ANATOMIC OBSTRUCTION OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR A PT WITH CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA
- REMOVAL OF INFECTED DEBRIS
- EARPLUGS TO PROTECT AGAINST WATER EXPOSURE
- TOPICAL ABX DROPS (CIPRO)
WHAT ARE SOME EXPECTED PHYSICAL FINDING ASSOCIATED WITH MASTOIDITIS
- EDEMA
- TENDERNESS
- PROTRUSION OF THE AURICLE AND THE OBLITERATION OF THE POST AURICULAR CREASE
- RADIOGRAPHY REVEALS MASTOID CLOUDING
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PT WITH MASTOIDITIS
- CEFUROXIME
- CEFTRIAXONE
- CLIDAMYCIN
- ADMISSION FOR TYMPANOCENTESIS, AND MYRINGOTOMY
- I&D OF PERIOSTEAL ABSCESS OR MASTOIDECTOMY MAY BE INDICATED
WHAT IS THE TX FOR PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
-ANTIBIOTICS- BENZATHINE PCN, PCN VK, DICLOXACILLIN, AUGMENTIN, AZITHROMYCIN
-ANALGESICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
-SALT WATER GARGLES
-LOZENGES
-NYSTATIN ORAL SUSPENSION OR CLOTRIMAZOLE TROCHES FOR FUNGAL
WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
-RETAIN UNLESS COMPLICATIONS
-REFER FOR TONSILLECTOMY FOR 3 OR MORE IN EACH OF 3 YEARS, 5 OR MORE IN EACH OF 2 YEARS, OR 7 OR MORE IN 1 YEAR
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS OF PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
-MOST SUGGESTIVE OF GROUP A B HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION PRESENT WITH A FEVER OVER 38 DEGREES CELSIUS
-TENDER ANTERIOR CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
-LACK OF COUGH
-PHARYNGOTONSILLAR EXUDATES
-THIS IS CALLED "THE CENTOR CRITERIA"
WHAT ARE THE DDX's FOR PHARYNGITIS / TONSILLITIS?
-PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
-LARYNGITIS
-EPIGLOTTITIS
-HIV
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS FOR LARYNGEAL FX?
-BLEEDING, EXPANDING HEMATOMAS, BRUITS, AND LOSS OF PULSES ARE SIGNS OF ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULAR INJURY
-APNEA DUE TO AIRWAY COMPROMISE, HEMOPTYSIS, ANTERIOR NECK PAIN, AND COUGH
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS FOR A LARYNGEAL FOREIGN BODY?
-DAMAGE TO ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA
-LOBAR ATELECTASIS OR PNEUMONIA MAY DEVELOP IF FOREIGN BODY IS ASPIRATED
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS FOR A LARYNGEAL FOREIGN BODY?
-DYSPHAGIA
-ODYNOPHAGIA
-DROOLING
-WHEEZING
-COUGH
-BARIUM SWALLOW COULD BE PERFORMED IF FOREIGN BODY IS SUSPECTED
WHAT IS THE TX FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS?
-**ANTIHISTAMINES - BROPHENIRAMINE, CHLORPHENIRAMINE, LORATADINE, CLEMASTINE, FEXOFENADINE,
-INTRANASAL CORTICOSTEROIDS - BECLOMETHASONE, FLUNISOLIDE, MOMETASONE
-**EDUCATE PATIENT TO COVER PILLOWS AND MATTRESSES WITH PLASTIC
-AIR PURIFIERS AND DUST FILTERS
- REFER FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY IF ALL TX OPTIONS DON'T RESOLVE
WHAT ARE THE DDX's FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS?
-VIRAL RHINITIS
-UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION
-SINUSITIS
WHAT IS THE DISPOSITION FOR SINUSITIS?
-RETAIN
-IF EVIDENCE OF INFECTION SPREADING BEYOND NASAL CAVITY MEDEVAC
WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS FOR A PT WITH CHOLESTEATOMA
- BONE EROSION
- INNER EAR EROSION WITH FACIAL NERVE AND INTRACRANIAL INVOLVEMENT
WHAT ARE SOME PHYSICAL FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH VERTIGO
PERIPHERAL

- SUDDEN ONSET, INTENSE SPINNING, INTERMITTENT IN PATTERN, AGGRAVATED BY MOVEMENT, ROTARY-VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL NYSTAGMUS, HEARING LOSS, ABNORMAL TM, NAUSEA OR DIAPHORETIC

CENTRAL

- SUDDEN OR SLOW ONSET, LESS INTENSE SPINNING, CONSTANT PATTERN, AND AGGRAVATION BY POSITION IS VARIABLE SO IS ANY PRESENCE OF NAUSEA AND DIAPHORESIS
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PT WITH VERTIGO
*** TREAT THE KNOW CAUSE FOR THE SYMPTOMS ***

- ANTICHOLINERGICS (SCOPOLAMINE)
- ANTIHISTAMINES (DIPHENYDRAMINE, MECLIZINE)
- ANTIEMETICS (PROMETHAZINE)
- BENZODIAZAPINES (DIAZEPAM)
WHAT ARE THE LAB/IMAGING STUDIES DONE FOR A PT WITH EPISTAXIS
- MR OR CT ARTERIOGRAPHY TO R/O OSLER-WEBER-RENDU SYNDROME
- CBC IS A LARGE AMOUNT OF BLEEDING HAS OCCURRED
- PLATELET FUNCTION STUDIES MAY ALSO BE INDICATED
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A PT WITH A NASAL FX
- IF THE FX IS MINIMAL OR NONDISPLACED THEN ANALGESICS, NASAL DECONGESTANTS, AND PREVENTION FROM FURTHER INJURY IS INDICATED
WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIALS OF DX FOR A NASAL FX
- HX OF RECENT TRAUMA TO THE MIDFACE
- PRESENCE OF EPISTAXIS OR RHINORRHEA
- HX OF PREVIOUS INJURY
- NEW ONSET OF NASAL AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION OR DEFORMITY
HOW MANY PAIRS OF SALIVARY GLANDS ARE THERE
THREE (PAROTID, SUBMANDIBULAR, AND SUBLINGUAL)
WHAT ARE THE PURPOSE OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
THEY MOISTEN THE MOUTH, INHIBIT FORMATION OF DENTAL CARIES, AND INITIATES DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT MUSCLE GROUPS HELP SUPPORT AND MOVE THE NECK
SCM AND TRAPEZIUS
WHAT IS THE LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND IN THE BODY
THE THYROID
WHAT IS THE TERM CALLED FOR SHORTENING OF A STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE
TORTICOLIS
WHEN INSPECTING THE FACIAL FEATURES, WHAT TWO CRANIAL NERVES ARE YOU TESTING THE INTEGRITY OF
- CN V TRIGEMINAL
- CN VII FACIAL
WHEN FACIAL ASYMMETRY IS PRESENT, WHAT DO YOU WANT TO NOTE
WHETHER ALL FEATURES ON ONE SIDE OF THE FACE ARE AFFECTED, OR ONLY A PORTION OF THE FACE, SUCH AS THE FOREHEAD, LOWER FACE, OR MOUTH
WHEN INSPECTING THE NECK, WHAT SHOULD YOU BE LOOKING FOR
- SYMMETRY
- TRACHEAL DEVIATION
- JVD OR CAROTID ARTERY PROMINENCE
A MASS FILLING THE BASE OF THE NECK OR VISIBLE THYROID TISSUE THAT GLIDES UPWARD WHEN THE PATIENT SWALLOWS MAY INDICATE WHAT
AN ENLARGED THYROID
WHAT IS THE DURATION FOR A CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE
HOURS TO DAYS
WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH A CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHE
PULSATING OR THROBBING
WHAT IS THE PRODROMAL EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE HEADACHES
VAGUE NEUROLOGIC CHANGES, PERSONALITY CHANGE, FLUID RETENTION, APPETITE LOSS TO WELL-DEFINED NEUROLOGIC EVENT, SCOTOMA, APHASIA, HEMIANOPSIA, AURA
WHAT IS THE USUAL DURATION FOR A CLUSTER HEADACHE
1/2 TO 2 HOURS
WHAT IS THE USUAL TIME OF ONSET OF A CLUSTER HEADACHE
NIGHTTIME
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL FINDINGS FOR SINUSITIS?
-TTP AND PERCUSSION OVER THE AFFECTED SINUS
-DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF NASAL CAVITY MAY SHOW SWOLLEN, ERYTHEMATOUS MUCOSA WITH PURULENT DRAINAGE
-DIMINISHED TRANSILLUMINATION OF AFFECTED SINUS
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A SEPTAL HEMATOMA?
-I&D TO THE INFERIOR MUCOPERICHONDRIUM ON BOTH SIDES
-PACKING OF NASAL CAVITY TO PREVENT REACCUMULATION
-ANTIBIOTICSW IF INFECTION HAS DEVELOPED CEPHALEXIN, DICLOXACILLIIN, OR SEPTRA
WHAT IS THE TX FOR A NASAL FOREIGN BODY?
-PREPARE THE NASAL MUCOSA WITH A MIXTURE OF VASOCONSTRICTORS (EPI AND XYLO)
-POSITIVE PRESSURE TECHNIQUE
-REMOVAL OF THE OBJECT USING A SUCTION CATHETER
-GRASPING THE OBJECT WITH BAYONET OR ALLIGATOR FORCEPS
-PASSING A CURETTE BEYONF THE OBJECT, ROTATING THE INSTRUMENT, AND PULLING THE FOREIGN BODY OUT
-ANTIBIOTICS IF INFECTION DEVELOPED - AMOXICILLIN, SEPTRA,
WHAT ARE THE SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR PAIN CALLED?
NOCICEPTORS ARE FREE NERVE ENDINGS THAT ARE FOUND IN PRACTICALLY EVERY TISSUE OF THE BODY EXCEPT THE BRAIN
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PAIN?
-FAST PAIN OCCURS VERY RAPIDLY, NOT FELT IN DEEPER TISSUES OF THE BODY
-SLOW PAIN BEGINS A SECOND OR MORE AFTER A STIMULUS IS APPLIED, CAN BE FELT IN SKIN AND DEEPER TISSUES OR INTERNAL ORGANS
DESCRIBE REFERRED PAIN?
PAIN FELT IN OR JUST DEEP TO THE SKIN THAT OVERLIES THE STIMULATED ORGAN, OR IN A SURFACE AREA FAR FROM THE STIMULATED ORGAN
ALLOWS US TO KNOW WHERE OUR HEAD AND LIMBS ARE LOCATED AND HOW THEY ARE MOVING SUBCONSCIOUSLY ARE KNOWN AS?
PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
THE PERCEPTION OF BODY MOVEMENTS IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
KINESTHESIA
WHERE ARE PROPRIOCEPTORS LOCATED?
-SKELETAL MUSCLES, TENDONS, IN AND AROUND SYNOVIAL JOINTS ALL OF WHICH INFORM US OF THE DEGREE TO WHICH MUSCLES ARE CONTRACTED, THE AMOUNT OF TENSION ON TENDONS AND THE POSITIONS OF JOINTS
-HAIR CELLS OF THE INNER EAR MONITOR THE ORIENTATION OF THE HEAD RELATIVE TO THE GROUND AND HEAD POSITION DURING MOVEMENT
WHAT ALLOW US TO ESTIMATE THE WEIGHT OF OBJECTS AND DETERMINE THE MUSCULAR EFFORT NECESSARY TO LIFT THEM?
PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH CLUSTER HEADACHES
INTENSE BURNING, BORING, SEARING, KNIFELIKE
WHAT PRODROMAL EVENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CLUSTER HEADACHES
PERSONALITY CHANGES, AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL FREQUENCY OF CLASSIC MIGRAINE HEADACHES
TWICE A WEEK
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL FREQUENCY OF CLUSTER HEADACHES
SEVERAL TIMES NIGHTLY FOR SEVERAL NIGHTS, THEN NONE
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL LOCATION OF MIGRAINE HEADACHES
UNILATERAL OR GENERALIZED
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL LOCATION OF CLUSTER HEADACHES
UNILATERAL
WHAT ARE USUALLY THE PRECIPITATING EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE HEADACHES
MENSTRUAL PERIOD, MISSING MEALS, BIRTH CONTROL PILLS, LETDOWN AFTER STRESS
WHAT ARE USUALLY THE PRECIPITATING EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH CLUSTER HEADACHES
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
WHEN PALPATING THE THYROID, WHAT ARE YOU PALPATING FOR
SIZE, SHAPE, NODULES, TENDERNESS, AND CONSISTANCY
IF THE THYROID IS ENLARGED WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO
AUSCULTATE FOR BRUITS
WHAT SUPERFICIAL LYMPH NODES OF THE NECK ARE YOU INSPECTING AND PALPATING
- OCCIPITAL
- PRE/POSTAURICULAR
- PAROTID
- TONSILLAR
- ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR CERVICAL CHAIN
- SUBMANDIBULAR
- SUBMENTAL
- SUPRACLAVICULAR
WHAT IS THE AUDITORY PATHWAY?
1. AURICLE CATCHES EXTERNAL SOUNDS WAVES AND CHANNELS THEM TO THE MIDDLE EAR
2. SOUND WAVES STRIKE THE EARDRUM CAUSING VIBRATION
3. ELECTRICAL IMPULSES PICKED UP BY SENSORY NEURONS IN COCHLEAR BRANCH OF VESTIBULOCOCHLEARAND TRANSMITTED TO MEDULLA OBLONGATA
4. AXONS ASCEND TO THE MIDBRAIN, THEN THALAMUS, AND FINALLY TO THE PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE
5. AXONS CROSS FROM BOTH SIDES SO LEFT AND RIGHT AUDITORY AREAS RECEIVE IMPULSES FROM BOTH EARS
What Results from stimulation of free nerve endings called nociceptors, found in every tissue throughout the body except in the brain
Pain
What responds to several types of stimuli such as excessive stimulation of sensory receptors, excessive stretching of a structure, prolonged muscular contraction, inadequate blood flow to an organ and the presence of certain chemical
Nociceptors
What exhibit very little adaptability as it uses this feature as a protective mechanism. If they were to adapt to a painful stimulus, irreversible tissue damage could occur
Nociceptors
What are two types of pain
(a) Fast pain – occurs very rapidly, usually in 0.1 sec after stimulus. This type of pain is typically described as acute, sharp or picking as a result of a needle puncture of knife cut to the skin. Fast pain is not felt in deep tissues.
(b) Slow pain – occurs a second or more after stimulus and increases in intensity over time.
This type of pain is considered excruciating and referred to as burning aching or throbbing and can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues
Slow pain
What type of pain Typically involves visceral organs where the pain is serviced by the same segment of the spinal cord.
Referred Pain
What gives us a basic orientation of where our head and limbs are located without having to physically look at them.
Proprioception receptors
What type of receptors are found in skeletal muscles (muscle spindles), tendons (tendon organs), synovial joints (joint kinesthetic receptors) and in the inner ear (hair cells)
Proprioception receptors
Some of the roof of the mouth, pharynx, and epiglottis and can detect which five primary tastes
sour, sweet, bitter, salty and unami (Umami has a mild but lasting aftertaste. It induces salivation. Means savory taste)
The tongue contains approx how many taste buds
10,000
Where does the auricle catches external sound waves and channel them internally to the middle ear
The auditory pathway
What causes the eardrum to vibrate
(The distance speed and movement depends on the intensity and frequency of this)
Sound waves that are brought in strikes the eardrum causing it to vibrate
(Sound waves)
From the medulla, ascending to the midbrain, then to the to thalamus, and finally to the primary auditory area in the temporal lobe is the pathway describing what
auditory axons
Why do the left and right auditory areas receive impulses from both ears
Because auditory axons cross from both sides
What are picked up by the sensory neurons in the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve, and transmitted to the medulla oblongata on the same side of the brain
the electrical impulses
What pathway to the brain includes the vestibular branch axons of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve which, enters the brain stem and then extend to the medulla or the cerebellum.
The equilibrium pathway
Patients with headaches should describe what? Related symptoms and factors such as visual or sinus conditions and treatment attempts should be addressed
describe onset,
duration,
location,
character,
severity, and
pattern of pain
What is an expression or appearance of the face and features of the head and neck that, when considered together, is characteristic of a clinical condition or syndrome
Facies