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123 Cards in this Set
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Sabbath, or "Shabbat"
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the seventh day of the week, which is celebrated as holy and a divine covenant (given to Moses on Mt. Sinai) (berit) because God rested on the seventh day (Gen. 2:1-4), and so the Israelites should rest as well (Exodus 20:11, 31:17). Day of rest/worship, sign between Israel and God/eternal covenant similar to circumcision in a way. Derived from God's day of rest in Exodus.
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Decalogue
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The Ten Commandments, which were given to Moses from God on Mt. Sinai. One of the commandments is to always keep the Sabbath holy (Exodus 20)
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"The Sabbath a delight"
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The idea that the Sabbath is not meant as a punishment but as a delight and people should do things that they enjoy. This comes from Isiah 58: food, clothing, sex, etc. Opposes the understanding of some ancient non-Jewish authors, which said that the Sabbath was fasting and mourning. (Robert Goldenberg)
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39 Prohibited Labors
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Developed from rabbinic exegesis in the Mishnah Shabbat, it is a list of restricted activities on the Sabbath. According to Robert Goldenberg, the labors are divided into four foundations of life: food, clothing, writing, and shelter. The Sabbath, from this rabbinic view, should be consumed with Torah study and inward reflection.
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Manna
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The bread God gave Israelites in the desert, in New Testament, Jesus is the "true manna". John 6:49: Your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness, yet they died. 50 But here is the bread that comes down from heaven, which anyone may eat and not die. 51 I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Whoever eats this bread will live forever. This bread is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world
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The Sabbath is given to you; but you are not given to the Sabbath
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From New Testament (Mark 2) Jesus says that the sabbath is given for the benefit of man and not to confine or limit him. Also said by R. Simeon b. Menasyah; the context is a discussion of the principle that saving a life takes precedence over the Sabbath
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Perpetual Sabbath
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From Justin Martyr, after Jesus' death and resurrection, Sabbath is not just one day of the week, but every day is day of rest/devoid of sin as seen by Christians
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Seventh-Day Adventists
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Observe Saturday as day of rest & worship as Christian Sabbath. A branch of Protestant Christianity which treats the sixth day of the week as the Sabbath (Friday sunset to Saturday sunset), just as Judaism does. Seventh Day Adventists don't follow the Sabbath laws as strictly as Jews, but typically don't work on Saturday nor engage in secular forms of recreation (watching sports and television, etc.) Usually spend Friday evening preparing meals and the home for the Sabbath and some Adventists go to church services on Friday evenings as well.
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Lord's Day
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Sunday; Jesus' resurrection. Synonymous with Sabbath- It is observed by most Christians as the weekly memorial of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is said in the canonical Gospels to have been witnessed alive from the dead early on the first day of the week.
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The Seventh Day
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Is Saturday; Jews observe this day as a day of rest and worship while Christians don't. Thanks to Justin and Barnabus, Christians view the seventh day much more as day of worship than as a day of rest
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The Eighth Day
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Barnabus 15, Sunday is both the first and the eighth day, day in which Christ was resurrected. Main day of worship for Christians
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Mishnah
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Legal material complementing the Torah. These are written up in a rabbinic book. We talked about Pesahim 10 in class in relation to passover seder. It's the first section of the Talmud, and contains laws developed by the rabbis. Jews later interpret these laws as coming from the Old Torah, since they aren't explicit in the Torah itself.
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Pesah
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Root meaning "pass over" or, more likely, "protect." This is the first evening of Passover. God passed over the houses of the Israelites. God was on his way to the homes of the Egyptians. Pesah is sometimes used to refer to the sacrificial lamb itself. It's a Jewish festival that commemorates the exodus of the Jews from Egypt and is marked chiefly by the Seder ritual and the eating of mazza. It begins on the 14th day of Nisan and is celebrated for eight days by Orthodox and Conservative Jews outside of Israel and for seven days by Reform Jews and Jews in Israel.
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Passover
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Interchangeable term w/ Pesah, which is the Jewish term. starts on night of 14th. a Jewish festival that commemorates the exodus of the Jews from Egypt and is marked chiefly by the Seder ritual and the eating of mazza. It begins on the 14th day of Nisan and is celebrated for eight days by Orthodox and Conservative Jews outside of Israel and for seven days by Reform Jews and Jews in Israel.
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Seder
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A meal eaten and a ritual performed on the first night of Passover (the night of the 14th into the 15th), consisting of symbolic food, real food, ritualized gestures, and ritualized speech. a ceremonial dinner that commemorates the Exodus from Egypt and includes the reading of the Haggadah and the eating of symbolic foods, generally held on the first night of Passover by Reform Jews and Jews in Israel and on both the first and second nights by Orthodox and Conservative Jews outside of Israel.
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Afikoman
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In the Mishnah it is something we don't do: "We do not bid farewell to the paschal meal with afiqoman." Traditional explanations of this rule: no after dinner treats; no after dinner entertainment, revelry. Today it is celebrated though, symbolized by a Matzah bread that is broken at beginning and hidden and eaten at end of meal.
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Soli-Lunar Calendar
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How the Jewish calendar works; months according to the moon and the seasons according to the sun. This system is based on the cycles of the sun and the moon. Following the moon, the months shift slightly every year. In order to keep the months in line with the seasons, an extra month is inserted every seven in nineteen years. This ensures that the festivals are celebrated at the same time every year.
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The Four Questions
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The Four Questions begin when the youngest person asks: "Why is this night different from all other nights?" The seder leader replies by asking what differences they notice. The youngest person then replies that there are four ways in which they notice a difference about Passover:1) Why only Matzah? 2) Why bitter herbs? 3) Why dip food twice? 4) Why dine reclining? -- 4 questions that explain why the Pesah is different from other nights.
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14th of Nisan
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Pesah sacrifice happens on the afternoon of Nisan 14. Synoptic gospels say that the last supper occurred on the 14th, and is therefore a paschal feast. Parallel: Jesus' sacrifice on the cross is like the paschal lamb sacrificed and put on a spit.
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Maror
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A bitter herb eaten eaten on the pesah to remind Jews of the bitterness of slavery endured in Egypt.
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Haggadah
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Book that describes the steps, rituals, and order of the seder. Takes stuff from the Mishnah Pesahim and adds to it; includes the four questions and four sons.
The prescribed text for the seder. It means "response" or "narrative." Rabbi Gamliel said that eating the Maror, Matzah, and Pesach are essential for seder. A lot of the Haggadah came from Mishnah Pesahim. It is a commentary on the Exodus story and tells you how to conduct the seder. |
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Paschal Lamb
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It is eaten on the eve of the passover. During the time of the Temple, Paschal lamb was to be slaughtered at the altar where the blood could be drained and then eaten in Jerusalem. Today some people believe they must eat this paschal lamb the night before Passover to follow traditions. Others believe they can't eat the lamb because the Temple was destroyed and thus blood cannot be drained at the altar.
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Unleavened Bread
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A bread that is flat. Matzah is unleavened bread. Exodus 12:39 says that Passover is a commemoration of the exodus from Egypt. The biblical narrative relates that the Israelites left Egypt in such haste they could not wait for their bread dough to rise; the bread, when baked, was matzah. Another story is that it's symbolic: matza symbolizes redemption and freedom, but it is also lechem oni, "poor man's bread". Thus it serves as a reminder to be humble, and to not forget what life was like in servitude
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"How is this night different from all other nights?"
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Quote from Pesach Haggadah, it is meant to be said by the youngest member at the table on the seder. [also in the M. Pesahim 10]
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Matzah
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During passover seder, a piece of matzah is taken by each member at the table and hidden until the end of the meal when the matzah is eaten. The matzah represents the Messianic redeemer - coming at the end-time to save the Jews. Eating "puffed" bread is prohibited.
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Synoptic Gospels
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Synoptic = seeing them together. Matthew, Mark, and Luke but not John; the three gospels tell very similar narratives with distinctive details. They're written between 70 and 85 AD and are contrasted to the gospel of John.
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Bread and Wine
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Bread represents body of Christ, wine represents blood of Christ. They're elements of the Roman feast and have transformative properties. Four cups of wine consumed at seder, which they are to bless (the Sabbath meal mirrors a traditional Roman feast). Jesus turns this into his blood at the last supper.
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Melito of Sardis
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Early Christian; writings on Passover connection to Christ. Sardis is in modern Turkey:
perhaps of Jewish origin, biography very sketchy from a generation or so after Justin (ca. 180 CE)- Catholic saint. Quartodeciman: Easter celebrated on 14 Nisan either late afternoon or early evening. Easter on Sunday is a celebration of the resurrection; Easter on 14 Nisan is a celebration of the crucifixion- Highly rhetorical, loves paradoxical expression - Greek Pascha, "suffering," sounds like Hebrew Pesah which is the word translated "Passover" |
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Typology
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Foreshadowing of Jesus and the Church. As explained by Gonzales and Prof. Cohen's lectures from the first half the semester, typology is a Christian method of interpreting the Hebrew Bible. Typology may be considered a cross between literal and allegorical interpretations. Typology does not deny the literal occurrence of an event in the Hebrew Bible, but it also considers the event a "type," or a foreshadowing, of Christ's life or work. In reference to the recent lecture material, both the Gospel of John and later writers such as Melito consider the Passover Lamb as a type for Christ. Exodus 12 was a valid command for the Israelites to sacrifice a Passover Lamb, but now Christ has fulfilled the type by his own death in Jerusalem.
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Pascha
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Greek/Latin term coming from passion literally meaning suffering and pertaining to Easter. Jesus is the paschal sacrifice, says Justin: "So come all families of people ... and receive forgiveness of sins. For I am your forgiveness, I am the Pascha of salvation, I am the lamb slaughtered for you, I am your ransom, I am your life, I am your resurrection, I am your light, I am your salvation, I am your king. "
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Easter
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Celebration of resurrection of Christ. If you don't know what Easter is, you suck big hairy balls.
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Lent
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An observance that lasts for 40 days beginning on Ash Wednesday and ending prior to Easter; it's a time of fasting, repentance, and spiritual discipline in order to remember Jesus Christ's suffering and fasting during his time in the desert, being tempted by the Devil.
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Good Friday
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Is the Friday before Easter Sunday; day when Jesus was crucified. 15th of Nisan
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Eucharistic Words
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Words echoing those of Jesus himself at his Last Supper, used today during the Eucharist (Communion)
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Eucharist
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The Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed; literally means thanksgiving in Greek. Occurred on the 14th of Nisan-
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Communion
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The receiving of Jesus Christ in the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist. Communion is another term for the Eucharist, as mentioned above. At Communion, Christians eat bread and drink wine as done in the Last Supper portrayed in the Synoptic Gospels. Depending on the Christian denomination, the Communion wafer and wine may literally be considered the body and blood or Christ, or simply reminders of the Last Supper. Communion was once performed in the early Church as a once-a-year event (around Passover, in reference to the Synoptic Gospels' union of the two events), but communion may now be performed as often as every week.
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Quatrodeciman
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The custom of some early Christians celebrating Passover; begins on the eve of the 14th day of Nisan; disappeared by 5th century. The custom of some early Christians celebrating Passover beginning with the eve of the 14th day of Nisan, which at dusk is biblically the "Lord's passover". According to some interpretations, the Gospel of John, implies that Nisan 14 was the day that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem.
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The Passion
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The suffering of Christ, through which He suffered for the sin of all humankind. In Christianity, the Passion is the short final period in the life of Jesus covering his visit to Jerusalem and leading to his execution by crucifixion. It begins with his triumphal entry into Jerusalem and includes his Last Supper, Agony in the Garden and his arrest and trial. In the liturgical calendar, the Passion is commemorated in Holy Week, beginning on Palm Sunday and ending on Easter Saturday.
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Easter Controversy
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Quartodecimans celebrate the crucifixion of Christ on the 14th of Nisan (as told in the book of John), while other Christians follow the synoptic gospels (the last supper was on the first day of passover) and celebrate the resurrection on Sunday.
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Last Supper
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A paschal meal (not a seder) that occurs right before the Passion. Took place on the 14th of Nisan according to the synoptic gospels, although John has the meal take place before the 14th (and Passover), thus the meal is not a pashcal meal for John.
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Aphikomenos
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Word used to describe the coming of Christ from heaven to earth to suffer for man. A term used by Melito, section 66. Looks and sounds like the word afikoman- piece of matzah that's hidden and comes back in the end as a symbol of redemption, from the Haggadah.
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"He is Risen!"
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An Easter greeting in many churches; referring to the resurrection of Christ; quote from the Gospels themselves (Mark 16)
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Holy Chalice or Holy Grail
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Originally the vessel Jesus used at the Last Supper to serve wine as his blood. It is retained in the Eucharist as Christians take the blood of Christ from a chalice. Originally referred to simply as a cup in the new testament -- magical connotation of chalice comes later. Holy Grail - legend that Christ's blood was collected in this grail when he was dying on the Cross
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Monotheism
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the belief in (worship of) one God alone, not the same as monolatry
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Polytheism
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the belief in (worship of) many Gods (paganism is politically incorrect)
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Monolatry
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The Biblical stance that there is only one God we worship, but recognizing the existence of other gods mentioned in the bible (false Gods, angels).Monolatry is the acknowledgement that many gods exist, while worshipping only one consistently. Monolatry preceded monotheism in ancient Israel. Yahweh, who had a special relationship with Israel, was worshipped above all others in the "pantheon of gods", who were eventually demoted to the status of angels.
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Incarnation
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A living being that embodies a deity or spirit. The idea that Jesus, one third of the trinity, "became flesh" by being born to Mary. In Christian theology, God took on the form of man through Jesus (i.e. was incarnated as Jesus). Not separate from God, but a form of God in human form.
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Binitarianism
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focuses on the relationship between the father and the son
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Trinitatianism
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The Christian doctrine that God exists as three persons - God the Father (the Lord), God the Son (Christ), and God the Holy Spirit
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Immutability of God
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God never changes - He always was and always will be. Thus, how did he change for the creation of the world. It is believed that the Lord had helpers (angels, companions, etc) that helped to create the world. His covenants are thus immutable too.
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Logos
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"word" - speech, reason, etc. Philo uses this, "logos", as an aspect of God that created the world. With "God said" being the world common phrase in Genesis, Philo claims that God's "logos" created the world through his words (not the way in which we create things today)
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"In the beginning there was the Logos"
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This is a quote from John 1:1; except he uses the word "word"
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"Let us make Adam in our image"
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"us" indicated that there is someone else in addition to God that helps Him with creation. This "us" for Christians is Christ, and but for the Jews they refer to angels. Quote from Genesis 1:26
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Wisdom
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In Proverbs 8, Wisdom declares that God created or acquired her before all else. Jews and Christians agree that Wisdom preexisted the world and aided God in creating the world. For Jews, wisdom in the form of the Torah, for Christians, wisdom in the form of Logos, and Christ. (it is through the Torah, or through Christ, that the religions operate)
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Complementary Intermediaries
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Utilized in both Christian and Jewish religion to explain God's actions: God worked with the help of these complementary intermediaries (angels). Christians take this a step farther to communicate with the intermediaries as a vessel for God.
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Antagonistic Intermediaries
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The countervailing forces to God's work, created to explain how bad things can happen. The devil, fallen angels.
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Shekinah
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Hebrew word denoting "Presence of God." Refers to the visible settling of God in the tabernacle or temple at Jerusalem.The dwelling of a divine presence or manifestation of God. While this term was never used in the Bible, rabbis constructed it to describe diving visitation
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Angel
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God's messengers, beings between the heavenly and earthly realms. Angels lack names or rank until later books (Daniel). Angels are believed to work with God, helped him to create the world in Genesis (according to Jewish interpretation).
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Philo of Alexandria
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Jewish philosopher important to the interpretation of the Torah. First to [not at all, Jews have known allegorical means of reading the Bible long before Philo] derive the two levels of meaning/reading the Bible. Created Expounded on [he was not the first to have this theory] the theory of the Logos, which the Christians then adopted and Jews left alone.
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Hypostatization
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eification, treating a quality or substance as a real and tangible substance; this becomes a problem when speaking of God. Are the qualities of God actual things in of themselves? Or do they solely refer to God?
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The name of God
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God's presence, referred to specifically in Deuteronomy. "God shall choose a place for his name to dwell." Raises the question as to whether the name/glory of God is synonymous with God himself.
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The glory of God
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This phrase is used to communicate God's presence in a place. To say that the glory of God is somewhere is akin to saying that God is present there. Often manifested as a cloud (Exodus and Kings).
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Anthropomorphic Conception of God
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Anthropomorphism is assigning human characteristics/human form to non-human entities. So an anthropomorphic conception of God is viewing God as a sort of holy, perfect human
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Anthropopathic Conception of God
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This is slightly different than anthropomorphism. Anthropopathism is assigning human emotion to non-human entities. For example, the God of the Hebrew Bible can be jealous, angry, etc.
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Targum
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plural: Targumim) early (from mid 1st century) Aramaic translations and paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible; the Aramaic word Memra (Word) appears in these texts and is used to refer to the "second god" as personified Wisdom or Word of God (see Boyarin)
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Son of Man
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in Christianity this refers to Jesus. In Judaism this refers to either the Messiah or God's chief angel (see Daniel 7)
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Begotten God
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What Jesus is (the begotten Son), of the same essence as God the Father, yet not the same. The "Begotten God" is a reference to Christ developed in early Christianity. Jesus is the son of God the Father, the Unbegotten God. Early Christian writers such as Justin Martyr develop the concept of the Logos, the active element of transcendent God in the creation of the world, as Christ. Cf. Prof. Cohen's Monday lectures on Philo and other philosophical Jews' desire to create an intermediary for the transcendent God to use as an agent in the material world. Justin develops the Logos into an aspect of the divinity itself, and this ultimately transforms into concepts such as the Trinity. The Nicene Creed likewise mentions Jesus as "begotten of the Father."
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Unbegotten God
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God the Father
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Book of Daniel
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he latest book of the Hebrew Bible, second half of this book contains mysterious visions, this is where the description of a "Son of Man" comes from
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King
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Head of government: warrior; in charge of justice; presides over the cult - in first temple times the temple was built and maintained by the Davidic king. There were non-Davidic kings too. Prof. Cohen notes that verses both support conditional dynastic succession (1 Kings 9:4-9, Psalm 132:11-12) and unconditional (2 Samuel 7, Psalm 89). Conditional dynastic succession may have been devised after the fall of the Temple to explain such a catastrophe. In Christianity, Jesus is King of the Jews (cf. the INRI inscription) and interpreted literally as the Son of God mentioned in Psalm 2:7, Psalm 89:27-28, 2 Samuel 7:14.
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Prophet
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"forthteller" more than "foreteller"; human intermediary; charismatic miracle worker [Elijah, Elisha] vs. literary prophet [Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel]; part of the royal establishment or opposed to it; a warning figure; no dynastic succession
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Priest
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in charge of the temple cult; dynastic succession, father to son, line of Aaron; institutional authority; one can become a priest through lineage
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Messiah
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in Hebrew: "anointed one"; in Greek: "Christos"; to Christians: Messiah = Jesus; be anointed by the Spirit of the Lord at once as king and priest, and also as prophet. Jesus fulfilled the messianic hope of Israel in his threefold office of priest, prophet, and king
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Anoint, anointed
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The three offices (prophet, priest, and king are all anointed); sacred items get anointed as well (alters, tabernacles); To smear with oil, water, or ash. Kings in ancient Israel were anointed with special oil. Babies in Christianity are anointed with water during their Baptisms. Jesus was the first one to be Baptized, so he's referred to as the anointed one. On Ash Wednesday, priests anoint the people with ash on their foreheads.
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Elijah
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9 Cent BC, prophet famous for his miracles, which Jesus echoed in the New Testament. His return will signal the coming of the Messiah; Christians believe that Elijah was John the Baptist (forerunner of Messiah)
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Christos
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Anointed in Greek, refers to Jesus Christ
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Messiah
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Promised savior of Jews; Jesus for Christians
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House of David
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The unconditional vs. conditional covenant. lineage of King David The House of David is an example of a dynastic kingship. In 2 Samuel 7 God promises David two things, that he will be the judge over the people of Israel and that he will build him a house. The question about the House of David is whether this promise is conditional on good behavior, especially since the temple of David was destroyed in 587 BCE.
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When the messiah comes, we'll ask him "Have you been here before?" and then we'll know - what?
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f the Messiah had come before, if it is the second coming
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Genesis 49
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Reference to the coming of the Messiah, both Christians and Jews view it as Messianic. Judah (i.e. the Jews) would retain their sovereignty until the arrival of the of the Messiah, after which, that rule would be surrendered. Justin uses this as proof that when Jesus comes, Jews will not have a prophet/King
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Second Coming
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The belief that Jesus would return a second time in order to fulfill the rest of the prophecies, i.e. the final judgement and the thousand year reign. The second coming is in glory.
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Virgin Birth
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Notion that Mary, mother of Jesus, conceived a child in a way no other woman had before. She retained her virginity
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Immaculate Conception
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The idea that Mary was conceived in the natural way, but that this act was free of sin. She was conceived without stain of sin.
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Son of God
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Term used to describe Jesus christ since he is the begotten son of the unbegotten father.
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Day of the Lord
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Refers to the second coming of Christ (as advanced by Christians). Jews would have a stricter interpretation of this phase (i.e. not pertaining to Jesus Christ - coming of the messiah).
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King of the Jews
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One of the titles given to Jesus in the New Testament, also inscribed above his cross during the crucifixion
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Shiloh
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A word in a translation of Genesis 49 referring to the Messiah
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millennialism
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Also known as chiliasm. The belief that the second coming of Christ would establish a 1000 year reign on Earth in the restored city of Jerusalem followed by a general resurrection.
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Atonement
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Broadly, atonement is an act or action that causes sins to be forgiven. Sacrifices within the Bible are often for atonement, such as vicarious atonement through the scapegoat. One difference between Christians and Jews: Christians find their sins through Christ, while Jews find atonement through repentance.
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High Priest
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Christians believe that Christ is the high priest. Hebrews is the only book in the New Testament that discusses Christ as the High priest
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Day of Atonement
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Yom Kippur. Holiest day of the year for Jews. The focus is to wipe the alter clean of sin and atone for the sins of the people of Israel. A scapegoat is used to transfer sin away from the tabernacle. The focus of Yom Kippur after the temple was destroyed is repentance.
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Yom Kippur
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Translated as the "Day of Atonement", although a better translation might be "Day of Purgation". Annual celebration to cleanse the tabernacle of the sin surrounding it from the people.
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Pre-Sinaitic
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Refers to anything that occurred prior to Moses receiving God's Commandments from Sinai. Within our contexts, there are still sacrifices offered and altars built.
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Holy of Holies
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Refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple, which could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur. The Ark of the Covenant is said to have contained the Ten Commandments, which were given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai
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Tabernacle
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The portable dwelling place for the divine presence from the time of the Exodus from Egypt through the conquering of the land of Canaan. Built to specifications revealed by God to Moses at Mount Sinai. It accompanied the Israelites on their wanderings in the wilderness and their conquest of the Promised Land
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Heavenly Tabernacle/Temple
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Jesus enters into the "heavenly tabernacle" to offer sacrifices to God
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Sacrifice
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Combination of public and private offerings to God for ritual and for the atonement of sin. Examples include passover, the Sabbath, animal sacrifices.
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Sin offering
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Biblical sacrifice offered to achieve atonement for the committing of an unintentional sin.
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Scapegoat
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Sins are transferred to the sacrificed goat for vicarious atonement.
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Suffering Servant
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Mentioned in Isaiah 53. Christ suffers to atone for the sins of others through vicarious atonement. Christ is depicted as a sheep led to slaughter. For Christians, Christ is the suffering servant. For Jews, the people of Israel.
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Isaiah 53
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Classic statement of vicarious atonement, suffering servant. Christ had to suffer in order to atone for our sins.
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Tamid
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Continual public sacrifice (daily), not specifically for atonement
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Vicarious Atonement
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The idea of having your sins atoned by something/someone else, for the people of Israel, the sacrifice of the goat is a form of vicarious atonement.
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For I desire loving kindness, not sacrifice
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Hosea 6, evidence that God did not only want sacrifices -- he also values good behavior and faith. Sacrifices end in 70 CE with the destruction of the temple.
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Melchizedek
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In the Old Testament, Genesis 14 and Psalm 110, also mentioned in Letters to the Hebrews -- king of Salem (Jerusalem). A mysterious figure, priest of God most high. A priest not through the line of Aaron. Christians say this refers to Christ and makes him a high priest.
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Repentance
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Contrition, positive acts as compensation for negative things. After 70 CE, the rabbis magnify the importance of repentance as a means of atonement instead of sacrifice.
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Letter to the Hebrews
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New Testament of the Bible, establishes Christ as high priest.
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Chosen People
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Israel (Exodus 19, Deuteronomy 7, 14, 26, Psalms 135). Have a special relationship with God, and are therefore subject to more responsibility. Modern biblical scholars say that it is a contract, that you choose to partake in. Old Biblical scholars argue that Jews or Christians have an exclusive relationship with God.
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Gentile
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Gentiles are non-Israelites by descent and religion; Paul calls himself a Gentile (in his letter to the Romans). Got rid of food laws, Sabbath laws, circumcision laws to include everyone
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Covenant
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In the context of chosen people: "The doctrine of the Chosen People is a function of the fact that God chose Israel and Israel chose God" (which is a covenant)
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New Covenant
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From Jeremiah 31. Christians interpret the "new covenant" to refer to the "new testament". Jewish interpretation sees the content of the two covenants as the same - the difference being that Israel shall sin no more under the new covenant.
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Jeremiah
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Introduces the new covenant, old testament prophet, lived during the exile, witnessed the destruction of the temple. Very vague about what you can do on the Sabbath
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Verus Israel
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Latin for True Israel. Refers to who is the true chosen people of God
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Eschatology
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Theology surrounding the end of days
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Noahide Laws
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Recorded in the Talmud (oral Torah), rabbis taught: 7 precepts were the children of Noah commanded. Compare with Acts 15: these are used to teach non-Jews how to have favor with God without being converted
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Universalism
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Everyone can attain salvation through Jesus Christ, however you still ned to accept Christ in order to be saved.
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Supersession
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The idea that Christians/the Christian Church makes null the promises to "Israel" -- that Christian theology/Jesus' teachings override those of the Old Testament (Christians replace Jews as the Chosen People)
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Conversion to Judaism
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Gentiles do not necessarily have to convert to Judaism in order to find favor in God's eyes, though conversion to Judaism is something that does occur. Seen as a sign that Judaism is a Universal religion
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Descent Group
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A group of people that all have a common ancestor, for example grandchildren of the same grandparents.
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Zion
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Often used as a synonym for Jerusalem, specifically refers to the Temple. In the Hebrew Bible, Zion sometimes replaces Jerusalem, and used in reference to the Dividic kingship. For Christians, Zion and Jerusalem have come to be synonymous with the Church.
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Paul
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Active in the 50s CE. Writer of much of the New Testament. Wrote Romans which, as Prof. Cohen explained, twists and turns when trying to describe how Jews relate to God/God's kingdom in light of Jesus. Paul never met or heard Jesus, but saw Jesus in a vision. Described how the distinction between Jews and gentiles became different (believed that circumcision was just a sign of distinction, truly important thing was circumcision of the heart). For Paul, circumcision is synonymous with the observance of the Law
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"Apostle to the gentiles"
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That which the apostle Paul calls himself in Romans 11:13, seeing his ministry as essentially a mission to the Gentiles although he himself is a Jew
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"Outside the church there is no salvation"
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A Christian Doctrine that states that one must be part of the Church (i.e. accept the foundational truth claims of Christianity) to be saved by God in the end times.
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