Hebrew And Exegesis Grammar Flash

Front 1

The Morphology of a Wayyiqtol: Built on what? Accent? Typical place in a clause?

Back 1

1. Typically prefixed to a shortened form where available. Otherwise, the imperfect.

2. The accent moves back toward the waw as far as possible

3. Typically it begins a clause (makes up 29% of all finite verbs)

Front 2

7 Uses of the Wayyiqtol

Back 2

1. Succession or Sequential

2. Logical or Consequential

3. Conclusive or Summarizing

4. Thread of Discourse

5. Epexegetical, Explanatory, or Specification

6. Pluperfect

7. After circumstantial phrases/clauses

Front 3

Describe Succession/Sequential

Back 3

Temporal sequence where an action or situation is subsequent to on prior.

Now Adam knew Eve his wife, and (then) she conceived and bore Cain (Genesis 4:1 ESV)

Front 4

Describe Logical/Consequential/Logical contrast

Back 4

1. Express an action or situation resulting from a prior action

"Because you have rejected the word of YHWH, [therefore] he has rejected you as king." 1 Sam 17:10

2. Express a logical contrast.

"...I have seen God face to face and yet my life has been delivered."

Front 5

Describe Conclusive or Summarizing Wayyiqtol

Back 5

1. Used to summarize or conclude prior information.

[Description of battles] "Thus Joshua struck all the land of the hill country..." Joshua 10:40

Front 6

Describe Thread of Discourse Wayyiqtol

Back 6

Primary means of story telling, commencing a new narrative sequence or section.

"And two of the angels came .... and Lot saw ...and he arose" (Genesis 18:1)

Front 7

Describe epexegetical, explanatory, or specification wayyiqtol

Back 7

1. Explains a prior situation.

"She called his name Moses and she said because from the water I drew him" Ex. 2:10

2. Functions in specification to fill out the idea expressed by prior verb

"And the sons of Israel did evil in the eyes YHWH [how so?] and they forget their God and they served the Baals" (Judg. 3:7)

3. A simple explanation (i.e. namely)

"You yourselves have seen what I did to the Egyptians (namely) and how I bore you upon wings of eagles." (Ex. 19:4)

Front 8

Describe Pluperfect Wayyiqtol

Back 8

Expresses a time prior to past time (the tense of the current narrative)

"And YHWH had said to Moses..." Ex. 34:5

Front 9

Describe an Dependent wayyiqtol

Back 9

The wyqtl presents an action or situation dependent upon a prior temporal clause.

(Often look for וַיהִי Inf. Con. + Prep)

"On the third day (and) Abraham lifted his eyes." (Gen. 22:4)

Front 10

5 Uses/Descriptions of the Weqatal (Waw Consecutive Perfect)

Back 10

Choi 3-5-2

1. Sequential: describes a temporal sequence subsequent to an action

2. Consequential: Expresses the logical result of a previous action.

3. Volitional: Typically follows a volitional, and expresses consecution (continues the chain of commands)

4. Apodictic: Expresses the logical result of a protasis.

5. Explains the Protasis: It expands on an idea in a protasis, "if you obey my voice and keep my covenant"

Front 11

Simple Vav Prefix on a Verb

Back 11

Expresses consecution or succession

Front 12

2 Uses of Imperf/Volitional + Waw Conjunction

Back 12

1. Succession: shows an action following the main verb

2. Purpose: The indirect volitive. "Bring it to me so that I may eat."

Front 13

3 Meanings Behind Interruptions in Verbal Sequences

(Typically when a waw is affixed to a noun in the middle of a waw consecutive sequence)

Back 13

1. Distinct subject: It draws attention to a different subject's action

2. Simultaneous action

3. Anterior (previous) action: translated using the pluperfect.

Front 14

Define "synchronism" in verbs. Translation

Give three rough rules to identify synchronism

Back 14

Describes two actions/states as occurring simultaneously.

Trans. "with" "as" "just as"

1. The two verbs are perfect or participles.

2. The subject of each verb precedes its verb.

3. The subject of the first verb lacks a Vav conjunction.

(Williams 235-237, J-M 166 c, e, f)

Front 15

Describe four different types of Synchronism.

Back 15

1. Perfect and perfect (two simultaneous instantaneous actions)

(1 Sam. 9:5)

2. Participle and Participle (two simultaneous durative actions)

(1 Sam. 9:14)

3. Participle and perfect (a durative and instantaneous action/state occurring simultaneously)

(1 Sam. 9:11)

4. First instant, second durative. Sometimes a nominal clause can express a state instated of an action, which is simultaneous to the action. It replaces the perfect and there is no verb. (J-M 166g)

Judges 18:3

Front 16

Describe Verbal Coordination.

Translation?

Common verbs?

Back 16

A combination of two verbs, such that the first verb indicates the manner in which the second verb happens.

Can be translated adverbially

שוב & יסף (to return; to add) - "again"

שכם (to rise early) - "early" or "eagerly

מהר (to hurry) "quickly"

Front 17

Three different ways to coordinate verbs

Back 17

1. Two finite verbs connected by the waw conjunction.

1 Ki. 19:6, Lit, "And he returned and he lay down." Meaning "He lay down again."

2. Two finite verbs without a waw conjunction. (Usually in imperatives/poetry)

1 Sam. 3:5

3. Coordination of a finite verb with an infinitive construct. (Typically the finite verb is trans. adverbially, but gives gender/person/number. Inf. Con. typically takes לְ)

2 Kings 2:10

Front 18

Perfect Conjugation: 4 different uses of "The Complete Action Perfect"?

Back 18

Wms. §162

Complete actions describes the even as a whole (beginning, middle and end in view), in the...

1. Past "God created"

2. Perfect "God has forgotten" ( Present state resulting from a previously completed action)

3. Pluperfect "God had forgotten" (Past state resulting from a previously completed Action).

4. Future Perfect "God will have forgotten" (future state resulting from an action that will have been completed by that time)

Front 19

Perfect Conjugation: 5 Additional Uses?

(Terms: Qatal, Qtl, Suffix/Suffixed Conjugation)

Back 19

Wms. §161-166

1. Experience Perfect: Expresses a state of mind.

"I Knew."

2. Instantaneous Perfect: Indicates a speech act denoted by a verb.

"I testify against you today."

3. Perfect of Certitude/Prophetic Perfect: a verb describes an event as if it had already happened.

"We will die! We will perish!"

4. Conditional Perfect: Used in an unreal (the circumstances never occured) conditional protasis.

"If you had left them alive, I would not kill you."

5. Stative Perfect: Describes a state or condition.

"I was old." "I am old"

Front 20

Imperfect Conjugation: 4 uses of the "imperfect-action imperfect"?

Back 20

Wms. §167

Describes an event without having the end of the event in view. From the speaker's perspective the event may be in the...

1. Present: "what are you seeking?"

2. Past: (especially after "until," עַד or "before" or "not yet," בְּתֶרֶם תֶרֶם) "Before they seek"

3. Future: "They will not seek"

4. Future from a past point of view: "They would not seek."

Front 21

Imperfect Conjugation: 9 other uses

Back 21

Wms. §169-175

1. Iterative Imperfect: A repeated, customary, habitual, or characteristic action

"Thus job did continually."

2. Potential Imperfect (can/able to): Expresses (or denies) the ability to do or be something. "They can bear the ark"

3. Permissive Imperfect (may):

"You may bear the Ark"

4. Desiderative imperfect (want/wish/will to): Expresses a subject of the verb's desire to do the action.

"You want to bear the ark"

5. Obligative imperfect (ought to, should):

"He should bear the Ark."

6. Injunctive Imperfect (must):

"You must bear the Ark"

7. Prohibitive Imperfect (shall not): using לֹא

"You shall not bear the Ark."

8. Conditional Imperfect (real protasis): verb expresses a real condition in the future

"If/even though I bear the Ark."

9. Imperfect after a telic particle: Telic Particles indicate a purpose or goal (אֲשׁר לְבִלְתִּי לְמַעמן אֲשׁר ל פֶנ)

"Be silent lest you bear the ark."

Front 22

Participles: 6 Predicate (action) Uses

Back 22

Wms. §213-22 The participle used...

1. As a repeated or continuous predicate

"He is seeking"

2. For an imminent action (usually using הִנֶה)

"He is about to seek"

3. As a predicate adjective

"He is still seeking for him."

4. Indicating what should/may be done. (Usually uses Niphal or Pual Stem)

"YHWH is to be sought."

5. in a circumstantial clause

"...such that he is seeking."

6. indicating simultaneous action. (Rules of Verbal Synchronization §236-237)

"He was speaking while seeking."

Front 23

Participles: 4 Attributive Adjectival/Relative/Substantival Uses

Back 23

1. As an attributive adjective

"He is a seeking pigeon"

2. As relative clause

"which was sought."

3. Substantival

"the seeker spoke."

4. Indefinite Subject

"anyone who seek will be remembered."