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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit? |
Tf = 9/5Tc +32 |
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Internal energy (U) |
Thermal Energy due to the motion of all the particles (KE) |
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Average Kinetic Energy |
3/2 kB T |
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kB |
Boltzmann's constant 1.38e-23 J/K |
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Internal energy of a gas equation |
3/2 x molecules x kB x T 3/2 x n x Avogadro x kB x T 3/2 x n x R x T |
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Root mean squared speed equation |
Vrms = sqrtkB*T/m or sqrtRT/M |
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Linear expansion |
Δl = αlΔT |
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Volumetric expansion |
ΔV = βVΔT |
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Heat (Q) |
can be transferred between objects always from hot to cold |
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+Q |
heat flowing into an object |
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-Q |
heat flowing out of an object |
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Specific heat capacity |
amount of heat required to change 1kg of material by 1 degree C or K |
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Rate of heat transfer (H) |
Q/t = k(material)A(area)ΔT/l(length) |
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Latent heat of transformation (L) |
energy required to change 1kg of a material |
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Lf |
Latent heat of fusion (solid to liquid) |
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Lv |
Latent heat of vaporization (liquid to gas) |
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Thermodynamics |
the study of heat transfer or work done |
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Zeroth Law |
Ta= Tb and Tb=Tc then Ta=Tc |
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First Law |
conservation of energy; change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat and work within that system ΔU=Q+W |
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+Q |
heat added |
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-Q |
heat removed |
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+W |
work done on the gas |
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-W |
work done by the gas |
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Work done on a gas |
W=-PΔV |
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In a PV diagram, the work is equal to the |
Area |
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Isobaric |
Pressure of the gas remains constant and is a horizontal line across the graph V/T |
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Isochoric (Isovolumetric) |
Volume of the gas remains constant W=0 so ΔU = Q |
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Isothermal |
Temperature of the gas remains constant ΔU=0 so Q=W |
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Adiabatic |
Heat flow is zero Q=0 ΔU=W |
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clockwise processes |
indicate that net work is done by the gas , -W (engine) |
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counter-clockwise processes |
indicate that net work is done on the gas, +W |
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Actual efficiency equation |
n=Wout/Qin= 1-(Qout/Qin) |
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Carnot efficiency equation |
Tc/Th = Th-Tc/Th |
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Second Law |
Flow; heat naturally flows from warmer to cooler objects and the reverse process requires work from an external force Disorder = blending Entropy naturally increases for closed systems |
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Third Law |
can never be cooled to absolute zero (0K) |
