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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Form of energy |
Heat |
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Effects of heat |
Change of state Change of temperature Production of work Change of volume Change of internal energy Change of it's chemical properties |
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Heat transfer through space without the presence of any substance |
Radiation |
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Travels through air and space with the speed of light (3.0x10⁸m/s) |
Radiation |
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Radiation-properties |
Transmitted Reflected Absorbed |
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Radiation can pass through |
Reflected |
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Waves enter substance but not transmitted through it in form of waves |
Absorbed |
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Depends on the temperature of body |
Radiation-amount of energy radiated |
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Black body radiation |
Maximum amount |
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Radiates for every wavelength the maximum intensity of radiation possible at a given temperature |
Black body |
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All radiant enery reaching surface of black body being absorbed |
Black body |
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Most important absorbers in the troposphere and stratosphere |
Water vapor Carbon dioxide Ozone Methane |
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Sun's energy spectrum follows closely the universal law of black body radiation |
Energy emitted by sun |
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Energy spectrum follows closely the universal law |
Black body radiation |
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Peak energy at a temperature dependent wavelength |
Wein's Displacement Law |
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Red stars and blue stars |
Wein's Displacement Law |
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Red stars |
Colder than sun |
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Blue stars |
hotter than sun |
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Amount of radiation energy passing through any surface of an emitter, absorber or imaginary surface |
Radiation flux through the surface |
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Amount of radiation energy passing through any surface of an |
Emitter Absorber Imaginary surface |
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The total flux from an emitting body |
Luminosity |
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Hotter objects radiates more energy than |
Cooler |
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Radiation intensity = |
Constant X T⁴ (Stefan- Boltzman equation) |
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Hotter objects radiates shorter |
Wavelength |
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Wein's law: wavelength= |
Constant/ temperature |
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Measure solar radiation |
Pyrheliometer |
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Principle of indirect measurement base upon temperature effects |
Pyrheliometer |
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Measure total solar and sky radiation on horizontal surface |
Pyranometer |
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Energy receive oer minute outside surface of 1 square centimeter |
Solar constant |
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Total radiation= |
Direct solar+ sky radiation |
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Surplus energy two forms |
Sensible heat Latent heat |
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Can be felt and measured by conduction (touching surface) and convection ( carried by rising air) |
Sensible heat |
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Cannot be felt or measured |
Latent heat |
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Stored as molecular motion when water change phase |
Latent heat |
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Absorbed in evaporation |
Melting and sublimation |
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Release in condensation |
Freezing and deposition |
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Highest daily insolation of year, sun rise north east and set north west, 15 hrs daylight |
June Solstice |
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Strong absorber of uv |
Ozone |
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Most important gases; absorption bonds in Uv |
Nitrogen Oxygen |
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Ost important absorption by gases IR |
Water vapor and carbon dioxide |
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Infrared at 10 micrometers long wave radiation |
Can escape to space |
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Has another atmospheric window used in astronomy to space exploration |
Radio waves spectrum |
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Passes through with little attenuation |
Visible light |
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Large portion of UV radiation absorbed by |
Stratospheric zone |
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Transparent region with wavelength from 7-12u |
Atmospheric windows |
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More loss pf energy passes through thicker mass atmosphere |
Length of passage |
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Gases absorb only at certain wavelengths to form an absorption spectrum |
Transparency of various spectrum |
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Play dominant role in all aspects of radiation |
Clouds |
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Most important absorbers of radiation |
Clouds |
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Some solar radiation can be scattered goes directly to surface called |
Transmission |
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Solar radiation symbol, 19 units |
As |
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Reflected solar radiation, 25 units |
R |
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Solar radiation scattered outside, 9 units |
-S |
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Solar radiation scattered downward, 6 units |
+S |
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Direct solar, 24 units |
D |
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Diffuse solar, 17 units |
N |
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Emission from the earth, 101 units |
WE |
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Upward flux of IR,105 units |
+WA |
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Upward e of IR, 48 units |
-WA |
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Transparent region, 18 units |
T |
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Hydrologic cycle, 23 units |
E |
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By convection or turbulence, 10 units |
C |
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From surface and atmosphere molecules |
Emitted |
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By atmospheric molecules and surface |
Absorption |
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Scattering due to |
Gas molecules Dust Other particles |
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Most important absorbers of isolation |
O², O³& H2O |
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Global average |
49% of insolation |
