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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the strings that attact to the papillary muscles that keep the valves closed
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the cordae tendineae
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what are the strings that attact to the papillary muscles that keep the valves closed
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the cordae tendineae
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what is the indentation of the inner wall of the right atrium that used to be a passageway btwn the two atria as a fetus?
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the fossa ovalis
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what is the connective tissue between the pulmonary vessels and the aorta that used to connect them in a fetus?
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the ligamentum arteriosum
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what turns in to the ligamentum arteriosum?
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the ductus arteriosum
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what turns into the fossa ovalis?
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foramen ovale (passageway thru artia)
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what turns into the ligamentum teres?
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the ductus venosus (duct thru liver)
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what is do the coronary arteries supply?
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the heart muscles
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where do the two coronary arteries (the left and right) branch off of?
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the aorta
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what are the branches of the left coronary artery?
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the left anterior descending artery (LAD)
circumflex artery |
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what are the two branches of the right coronary artery?
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the posterior interventricular artery
and marginal artery |
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what coronary artery supplies the anterior intventricular portion of the heart?
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the LAD
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what artery supplies the left lateral side of the left ventricle?
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the cicumflex artery
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what coronary artery supplies the right lateral side of the heart>
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the marginal artery
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where is the great cardiac vein found?
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with the LAD
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what innervates the cardiac muscles?
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Purkinje fibers
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what coronary artery supplies the posterior side of the heart?
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the posterior interventricular artery
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where is the middle cardiac vein found?
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with the posterior interventricular artery
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where is the Sinoatrial (S-A) node found?
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in the wall of the right atrium
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where is the coronary sinus found and where does it drain?
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between the atria and drains to the right atrium
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where does the impulse from the S-A node spread down to?
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to the atrioventricular node (AV)
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where is the AV node found?
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between the right atrium and ventricle
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what is the pathway of the cardiac impulse?
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SA node--AV node--Bundle of His--Bundle branches (L and R)--Purkinje fibers
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what artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
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the right coronary artery
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what CN functions with the parasympathetic system to decrease the heart rate?
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CN X
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what muscles decrease the dimensions of the thorax?
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int. intercostals
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what muscles decrease the dimensions of the thorax?
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int. intercostals
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where are the external intercostals located?
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in the intercostal spaces (run INFEROMEDIALLY)
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what is the function and innervation of the external intercostals?
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they function during inspiration, elevating the ribs
innervated by the intercostal nerves |
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what muscles are located deep to the external intercostals and which direction do they run in?
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internal intercostals
INFEROLATERALLY |
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what is the function and innervation of the internal intercostals?
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function during forced expiration (depress ribs)
innervated by intercostal nerves |
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what muscles increase the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the thorax?
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the ext. intercostals
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where does the diaphram originate and insert into?
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O: xiphiod process, lower 6 ribs, upper two vertebrae
I: Central tendon lthe formas a musculo fibrous sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
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the diaphram
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what muscles contracts and increases the vertical dimension of the thorax during inspiration?
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the diaphragm
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what passes through the diaphragm?
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the esophagus, inferior vena cava, and the aorta
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what accessory muscles function during active inspiration?
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the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor
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what accessory muscles function during forced expiration?
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the abdominal muscles (and int. intercostals)
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what is located with in the mediastinum?
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the heart
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which direction is the apex of the heart oriented in?
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downward and to the left
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what is the outer layer of the pericardium?
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fibrous pericardium
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what is the inner layer of the pericardium?
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serous pericardium
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what are the two layers of the pericardium?
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fibrous and serous pericardium layers
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what chamber of the heart does the deoxygenated blood enter through?
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the right atrium
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what two vessels enter the right atrium?
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the superior and inferior vena cava
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what valve is found at the base of the aorta?
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the aortic semilunar
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what valve is between the right atrium and ventricle?
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the right atrioventricular or TRICUSPID valve
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what valve is located btwn the left atrium and ventricle?
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the left atrioventricular or BICUSID valve
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what is another name for the bicusid valve?
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the mitral valve
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what are the two semilunar valves?
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the pulmonary and aortic
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what are the two septa of the heart?
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artial and ventricular
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what are the three sulci of the heart?
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the coronary and anterior and posterior intervertricular sulci
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what type of muscle is found in the ventricular walls?
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trabeculae carnae
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what muscles are attached to the chordae tendinae?
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papillary muscles
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what is the function of the papillary muscles?
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they keep the valves closed
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where do the anterior intercostal arteries branch off of?
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the internal thoracic artery
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where do the posterior thoracic arteries branch off of?
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from the aorta
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which veins empty into an azygos system of veins and join the superior vena cava?
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the posterior intercostal veins
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which great vessel does the posterior intercostal veins enter after joining the azygos venous system?
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the superior vena cava
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where do the anterior intercostals empty into and where do those veins enter the central venous system?
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they empty into the internal thoracic veins and then drain into either the superior vena cava or the brachiocephalic veins
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what nerves innervate the thoracic wall?
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the ventral rami of T1-T12
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what is another name for T12?
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the subcostal nerve
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where is the thoracic nerves found?
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they course with the internal costal artery and vein along the INFERIOR border of the rib
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what parts of the thoracic wall do T1-T12 innervate?
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intercostals, cutaneal nerves, sympethetic nerves
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what innervates the diaphragm?
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the phrenic nerve (C3-5) and peripheral afferents from the lower intercostal nerves
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what are the two parts of the respiratory system?
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conducting, and respiratory segments
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what is another word for the nostils?
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external nares
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what is the alae?
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the "wing part of the nostril (outside portion)
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what makes the nasal septum?
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the ethmoid bone, vomer bone and cartilage
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what two concha are part of the ethmoid bone and what one is its own bone>
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the superior and middle --ethmoid
inferior--separate |
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what is the function of the conducting segment of the system?
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warm, clean, and humidify the air
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what three parts make up the interior lining of the nasal cavity?
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mucus membrane, vasculas plexus, olfactory mucosa
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what is bound to the periosteum and perichondrium of the supporting bones and cartilage of the bone?
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nasal mucosa
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what is the mucus membrane continuous with in the respiratory system?
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lining of communicating nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, lacrimal sac and conjunctiva
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what are the choanae?
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paired openings between the nasal cavity and nasal pharynx
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what is another word for the pharyngeal tonsils?
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adenoids
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where is the nasopharynx found?
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behind the nose
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where is the oropharynx found?
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in the mouth
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what makes up the oropharynx?
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palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
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what provides protection for the voice and allows the speech muscle to connect to it>
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the larynx
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what are the four cartilages in the larynx?
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-epiglottis
-thyroid -cricoid -arytenoids |
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what is the only complete ring found in the airway?
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the cricoid
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what cartilage is pyramid like and serves as attachments for the vocal cords?
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arytenoids
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what is another word for hte false vocal cords?
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vertricular folds
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where are the false vocal cords found in respect to the true?
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outside of the true
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what is the name for the space at the gase of the tongue anterior to the epiglottis?
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vallecula
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what laryngeal muscles move muscle that give speech?
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the intrinsic
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which laryngeal muscles move the muscles of the larynx (speech swallowing etc.)
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extrinsic muscles
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what is a series of "C" shaped cartilages that extends from the larynx till it spilts in two?
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the trachea
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what is the name of the smooth muscle tht connects the two ends of the cartilage?
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trachealis
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what ligaments connect the cartilages of the trachea?
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the annular ligaments
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where does the trachea bifurcate?
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at T5
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what is another name for T5 where the trachea bifurcates?
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carnia
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what is the most sensitive area of the treaobronchial tree
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the place where the trachea bifurcates at T5 (carina)
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what is the smooth serous lining of the thoracic cavity and surface of the lung?
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the pleura
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what part of the pleura surrounds each lung?
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the visceral pleura
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what part of the pleura covers the outer portions, the ribs, diaphragm, and mideastinum?
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the parietal pleura
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where is the plural cavity found?
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between the visceral and parietal pleurae
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what are the two pleural recesses?
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the costaldiaphragmic (lower corner of lungs)
the mediastinal (anteriorly) |
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which lung has three lobes?
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the right lobe
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what are the fissures of the right lobe?
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horizontal and oblique
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what are the fissures of the left lobe?
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the oblique
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how many lobes are on the left lobe?
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two
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what is found within the hilus of the lungs?
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the bronchus, pulmonary artery and veins, and bronchial arteries and veins
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which bronchi enter the lungs?
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the primary (bifurcation of the trachea)
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what bronchi supply their respective lobes?
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the secondary bronchi
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what are the two kinds of primary bronchi?
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right and left
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what are the secondary bronchi found off of the right bronchi?
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superior, middle, inferior lobar bronchi
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what are the secondary bronchi on the left?
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superior and inferior lobar brochi
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which bronchi supply the bronchoplumonary segements?
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tertiary (segmental) bronchi
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what are the pyramid shaped segments of the lung with its apex at the root of the lung and its base at the pleural surface?
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bronchopulmonary segments
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what is the name for the branches beyond the tertiary bronchi? How many generations are there?
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bronchioles
20-25 |
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where is the first bronchi to not have cartilage?
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the bronchiole
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instead of cartilage, what surronds the bronchioles?
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smooth muscle
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what are branches of terminal bronchioles?
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respiratory bronchioles?
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where does the respiratory segment begin?
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at the respiratory bronchioles
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where is the first bronchi to not have cartilage?
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the bronchiole
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how many layer of epitheleal cells make up the aveoli?
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one
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what are the two cells types that form alveoli?
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type 1 and 2
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what alveolar cell forms a border with a capillary? (95%)
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type1
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what alveolar cell makes surfactant, achemical that reduces surface tension... so that the sac does not collapse?
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type 2
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where does O2 and CO2 exchange btwn lungs and capillaries occur?
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in the alveoli
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what is the path of the deoxygenated blood to the alveoli?
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right ventricle--plumonary artery--pulmonary arteriole--capillary
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what is the path that the oxygenated blood takes back to the heart from the alveoli?
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pulmonary venule--pulmonary vein--left atrium
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what allows the alveoli to expand with inspiration and passively recoil with expiration?
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the elastic fibers
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how many alveoli are found in 1 lung?
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300 million
140 m2 |
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which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? What chamber does it enter?
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the pulmunary vein
left atrium |
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Through which chamber to which vessel does the deoxygenated blood travel?
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from right ventricle to pulmunary artery
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which of the two primary bronchi is shorter and wider?
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the right
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what valve is found at the base of the pulmonary vein?
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the pulmonary semilunar valve
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what is systole?
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Contraction
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what is diastily?
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relaxation of the heart chamber
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