Heart And Respiration

Front 1

The body system that includes the heart and blood vessels

Back 1

Cardiovascular system

Front 2

Visceral Pericardium

Back 2

epicardium (folds back-serous member)

Front 3

Parietal Pericardium

Back 3

"wall membrane"

Front 4

Fibrous Pericardium

Back 4

fibrous outer sac

Front 5

The cardiac muscle forming the walls of the heart is the

Back 5

Myocardium

Front 6

The upper chambers of the heart are the __________ (pl) and the lower chambers of the heart are the
_______________(pl)

Back 6

Atria
Ventricles

Front 7

Oxygenated blood flows into the heart from the
_______________ veins

Back 7

Pulmonary

Front 8

Cardiac ______________

Coronary _____________

Back 8

Cardiac Veins

coronary Arteries

Front 9

Tricuspid= _____________ side

Bicuspid= ______________ side

Back 9

Tricuspid = Right side

Bicuspid = Left side

Front 10

Systole = ______________

Diastole = ______________

Back 10

Systole = contract (squeeze)

Diastole = relax (fill with blood)

Front 11

Chordae Tendinae

Back 11

'Parachute Strings'
also called
"Fleshy struts" that are with in the ventricles

Front 12

Palillary muscles

Back 12

'breast like' muscles

Front 13

semi-lunar valves

Back 13

half-moon shaped

Front 14

septum

Back 14

seperates

Front 15

The tight cellular connections between the cardiac muscle cells are called _________ ____________

Back 15

Intercalated discs

Front 16

Venous blood is ________________
and on the _______________ side of the heart

Back 16

deoxygenated;
Right

Front 17

Arterial blood is _____________
and on the ____________ side of the heart

Back 17

oxygenated;
Left

Front 18

Pathway of a drop of blood from the superior vena cava to the aorta
(include chambers, valves, vessels and required structures)

Back 18

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA to the RIGHT ATRIUM (see pectinate muscles "combs", coronary sinus opening, fosa ovalis); pass the CUSPS of the TRICUSPID VALVE to the Right Ventricle (see papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, cusps of the tricuspid valve); leave R ventricle & pass the pulmonary semilunar valve to Pulmonary Trunk then to Left Pulmonary Artery; to capillary beds of lungs to become oxygenated; back through pulmonary vein to the Left Atrium (see pectinate muscles); past cusps of Bicuspid (mitral)valve to Left Ventricle (see papillary muscles, chordae tendinae and cusps of bicuspid valce, trabiculae carneae) past semilunar valve to aortic trunk to aortic arch to the rest of the body

Front 19

Because the heart stimulates itself to contract at regular intervals (rhythmic), it is said to be __________.

Back 19

Autonomic

Front 20

The spontaneously developing local potential that occurs at the SA node is called the _____________.

Back 20

Prepotential

Front 21

Lack of blood supply to a tissue is called __________.

Back 21

Ischemia

Front 22

P Wave______________

Back 22

Atrial depolarization

Front 23

QRS complex

Back 23

Ventricular depolarization

Front 24

T wave

Back 24

Ventricular repolarization

Front 25

QRS wave ____________the atrial repolarization

Back 25

masks

Front 26

Pain that results from a reduction in blood supply to cardiac muscle is called [Gk. anchone, strangling + pec, chest] ___________ _______________.

Back 26

angina pectoris

Front 27

Prolonged lack of blood supply to the cardiac muscle ultimately results in tissue death and this is called _____________ ______________

Back 27

myocardial infarction

Front 28

Specialized cellular contacts found only in cardiac muscle are called [L. inter, between, + calare, to proclaim] ______________ __________.

Back 28

Intercalated discs

Front 29

The _______ node initiates the spontaceous depolarization of cardiac muscle.

Back 29

SA node

Front 30

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Back 30

internal membrane system that triggers contractions

Front 31

T tubules

Back 31

external pores

Front 32

Sarcomere

Back 32

unit of contraction

Front 33

RMP
(Resting membrane potential)

Back 33

Charge difference

Front 34

Period of isovolumetric contraction

Back 34

contract/same colume

Front 35

Period of ejection

Back 35

blood ejects

Front 36

Period of isovolumetric relaxation

Back 36

relax/same volume

Front 37

Atherosclerosis

Back 37

deposits that help clog arteries

Front 38

Arteriosclerosis

Back 38

bardening of the arteries

Front 39

Atrial flutter

Back 39

two or three P waves for every QRS

Front 40

Artial fibrillation

Back 40

irregular timing, no P waves

Front 41

Ventricular fibrillation

Back 41

no QRS/not compatible with life

Front 42

first heart sound

Back 42

AV valves snap shut "lubb"

Front 43

second heart sound

Back 43

semilunar valve snap shut "dubb"

Front 44

third heart sound

Back 44

turbulence
(occassionally fashion into ventricles)

Front 45

Tachycardia

Back 45

fast heart rhythem
(over 100 beart/minute)

Front 46

Bradycardia

Back 46

slow heart rhythem
(less than 100 beats per minute)

Front 47

Arrythmia

Back 47

an irregularity in pulmonary electrical current
-broad range of arrythmias; mild/occassional=no concerns;
several that cause both ventricles and atria to contract at the same time, then the atria can not sufficiently push blood to the ventricle= death

Front 48

Heart Murmer

Back 48

abnormal heart cound
-occurs because the valve(s) is/are faulty causing blood to leak backwards
-if severe leaks will need valve replaacement surgery or death may occur; however, some people have leavky valves and do just fine

Front 49

The epithelium of the nasal cavity is PCCE or ___________ ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus.

Back 49

pseudostratified

Front 50

The "windpipe" is more formally called the _________.

Back 50

trachea

Front 51

The elastic cartilage "flap" that covers the opening to the trachea is the _______________.

Back 51

epiglotis
[epi, upon + glottis]

Front 52

4 protective devices for eliminating unwanted particles from the nasal cavities:

Back 52

conchae/turbulence
mucus
cilia
gastric juice

Front 53

Ulvula

Back 53

soft palate

Front 54

nasal septum

Back 54

vomer/cartilage partition

Front 55

vestibule

Back 55

entry room/inside of each nares

Front 56

choanae

Back 56

opening into the pharynx

Front 57

meatus

Back 57

canal

Front 58

fauces

Back 58

"arch"

Front 59

glottis

Back 59

opening

Front 60

oropharynx

Back 60

soft palate to epiglottis

Front 61

nasopharynx

Back 61

chonanae to soft palate

Front 62

laryngopharynx

Back 62

epiglottis to esophagus

Front 63

The ridge shaped cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea into primary bronchi is called the __________.

Back 63

carina
[L. carinna, kneel]

Front 64

The series of small branches from the bronchi are collectively called the________________.

Back 64

bronchioles

Front 65

The tine "air sacs" that exchange gases in the lungs are called _______________(pl)

Back 65

alveoli

Front 66

sequential order from trachea to alveoli

Back 66

primary bronchi
terminal bronchioles (last part before see bubbles)
respiratory bronchiles (fist time see the bubbles)
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Front 67

trachea/bronchi

Back 67

PCCE - pseudostratified

Front 68

respiratory bronchioles

Back 68

simple squamous epithelium

Front 69

alveoli

Back 69

cuboidal epithelium

Front 70

lobes of lungs

Back 70

right lung has 3;
left lung has 2
(fissures)

Front 71

segents of lung

Back 71

right lung has 10;
left lung has 9;
(C.T. partitions)

Front 72

lobules of lung

Back 72

supplied by bronchioles

Front 73

The membrane that covers the surface of the lungs is called the visceral ___________________.

Back 73

plura

Front 74

The "middle" space between the lungs that contains the heart is called the _____________.

Back 74

mediastinum

Front 75

The indentation in the lungs that creates space for the heart is called a _____________.

Back 75

Hilum

Front 76

Respiratory zones

Back 76

Respiratory zone is where the gasses are exchanged.
includes
respiratory croncholes, alveoli ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, alveolus

Front 77

Conducting Zones

Back 77

The conducting zone gets the gasses to the respiratory zone. (no gas exchange here!)
external nares, vestibule, inferior/middle/superior conchea, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, main/secondary/teritiary bronchi, bronchioles x7, terminal broncholes

Front 78

The chricoid cartilege ___________shaped

Back 78

Ring

Front 79

The arrictinoid cartilege is _________shaped.

Back 79

Laddle

Front 80

The thyroid cartilege ________shaped.

Back 80

shield

Front 81

The vocal cord attachment is the______________ cartilage.

Back 81

arylenoid

Front 82

The tracheal carteledge is ___________ shaped

Back 82

C shaped

Front 83

The carniculate is __________ shaped.

Back 83

horn

Front 84

The epiglottis acts as a _ _ _.

Back 84

lid

Front 85

3 parts of the Respiratory Membrane O2 travels to for gas exchange

Back 85

alveolar epithelium
fused basement membrane
capillary endothelium

Front 86

3 part of respiratory membrane CO2 will travel through

Back 86

capillary endothelium
fused basement membrane
alveolar epithelium

Front 87

Hereditory disease where mucas accumulates in the lungs.

Back 87

Cystic Fibrosis

Front 88

Bronchittis is

Back 88

inflammation of the bronchi

Front 89

Disese where alveoli are broken down decreasing surface area of alveoli

Back 89

Emphazema

Front 90

"punching bag" at the back of the soft pallet

Back 90

ulvula

Front 91

Typical ECG (electrocardiogram) has _ normally recognizable deflection waves

Back 91

6
(o,p,q,r,s,t

Front 92

Cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by ________ junctions and behave as a single unit.

Back 92

gap

Front 93

Because it sets the rate of depolarization for the normal heart, the ________ node is known as the pacemaker of the heart.

Back 93

SA (sinoatrial)

Front 94

Activity of the nerves of the ___________ nervous system is essential for cardiac mucsle to contract.

Back 94

autonomic

Front 95

Graphic recording of the electrical changes that occur in a cardiac cycle

Back 95

electrocardiogram

Front 96

In a typical ECG, the __ wave signals the depolarization of the atria immediately before they contract

Back 96

R

Front 97

Electrical activity recorded by any lead depends on the location and orientation of the recording electrodes.

T or F

Back 97

true

Front 98

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the ________.

Back 98

pericardium

Front 99

The heart is divided into ________chambers

Back 99

four

Front 100

The two receiving chambers of the heart are the _________.

Back 100

Atria

Front 101

The left ventricle discharges blood into the _________, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues.

Back 101

aorta

Front 102

The atrioventricular valve, or _______, prevents backflow into the right atrium when the right ventricle is contracting.

Back 102

tricuspid

Front 103

The heart serves as a double pump. The _____ side serves as the pulmonary circulation pump, shunting carbondioxide-rich blood to the lungs.

Back 103

right

Front 104

The functional blood supply of the heart itself is provided back by the ___________ ___________.

Back 104

coronary arteries

Front 105

Two microscopic features of cardiac cells that help distinguish them from other types of muscle cells are ____________ and _______________.

Back 105

branching;
intercalated discs

Front 106

In the heart, the ___________ ventricle has thicker walls and a basically circular cavity shape.

Back 106

left

Front 107

cardiac cells (in connective tissue) are arranged in __________ or ________ shaped bundles.

Back 107

spiral;
figure-8

Front 108

Pericardium is _________ textured and its point of attachment is at the _______ of the heart

Back 108

flexible and thin;
apex area

Front 109

Which vessel is easier to stretch?

Back 109

Arteries- aorta
because of the volume and pressure sent out with each contraction

Front 110

Is the aorta or vena cava larger?

Which has thicker walls?

Back 110

Vena Cava is larger because it has 3 circulatory systems blood coming in.

Aorta has thicker walls because it has higher pressure of blood flow through it.

Front 111

Why is the left ventricle larger and thicker than the right ventricle?

Back 111

because the left ventricle needs to squeeze harder to create more pressure to get the blood out to the rest of the body;
right ventricle only needs to get it to the pulmonary system

Front 112

How do sheep valves compare to human counterparts?

Back 112

They are relatively the same

Front 113

What buffer system maintains blood ph?

Back 113

carbonic acid-bicarbonate

Front 114

_____________ is the phase of pulmonary ventilation where air passes out of the lungs.

Back 114

Expiration

Front 115

During inspirations what 3 things happen?

Back 115

diaphragm moves to a flattened position
gass pressure inside the lungs is lowered
size of thoracic cavity increases

Front 116

During normal quiet breating, about ______-ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Back 116

500

Front 117

________ __________ is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration.

Back 117

Vital capacity

Front 118

Changes in pH and oxygen concentrations in the blood are monitored by chemoreceptor regions in the _______ and _________ bodies

Back 118

aortic and carotid

Front 119

The carbonid acid-bicarbonate buffer system stabilizes arterial blood pH at ____

Back 119

7.4 0.02

Front 120

_____________ released into the blood by the body cells tend to lower te pH of the blood and cause it to become acidic.

Back 120

Acids

Front 121

Bronchial sounds are produced by what?

Back 121

air rushing through the large respiratory passageways (the trachea and the bronchi)

Front 122

what does vesicular breathing sounds and how are they produced?

Back 122

The second sound;
result from air filling the alveolar sacs (resembling sound of rustling/muffled breeze)

Front 123

What is tidal volume?

Back 123

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500ml)

Front 124

Amount of air that can be forccefully inhaled after a normal tidal colume inhalation is ________ ____ ________.

Back 124

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Front 125

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation is _ _______ ___.

Back 125

expiratory reserve volume (1200ml)

Front 126

Maximum amount of ait that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration is _________ _________.

Back 126

Vital capacity (4800ml)

Front 127

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

what do these accronyms respresent?

Back 127

vital capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

"CO2" will be the answer