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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The endocrine system consists of endocrine ______ that secrete _______ into the blood. They are then transported to _____ ____.
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"1. GLANDS
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What changes do hormones generally have on target cells?
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METABOLIC ACTIVITY CHANGES
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Comparatively speaking, what are the differences between the action of HORMONES and the action of NERVE IMPULSES?
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"1. HORMONES = SLOW W/ PROLONGED EFFECTS
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What is endocrinology the study of?
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"ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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(* [A/P-P], T, PT, P, AC, AM, Ov, Te)"
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"1. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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(*FLAT PEGM)"
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"1. FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
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The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' produces/secretes 8 hormones. What is the GENERAL NAME given to these 8 hormones?
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TROPIC HORMONES
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(*There are 2)"
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"1. STIMULATE GROWTH / DEVELOPMENT OF 'TARGET ORGANS'.
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The 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' secretes '2 hormones'. What are the hormones?
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"1. OXYTOCIN
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What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?"
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"1. ADH = WATER RETENTION
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The 'THYROID' gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?
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"1. (T4) - THYROXINE
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What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?"
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"1. T4 - Thyroxine = INCREASES METABOLISM
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The 'PARATHYROID' gland produces/secretes 1 hormone. What is the hormone?
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1. PARATHYROID HORMONE
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(*There is only 1)"
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1. INCREASES PLASMA CALCIUM
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The 'PANCREAS' gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?
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"1. INSULIN
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What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)"
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"1. INSULIN = LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE
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The 'ADRENAL CORTEX' secretes '2 hormones'. What are the hormones?
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"1. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
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What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)"
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"1. GLUCOCORTICOIDS = METABOLISM REGULATION
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The 'ADRENAL MEDULLA' secretes '1 hormone'. What is the hormone?
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1. EPINEPHRINE
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What is the primary effect of this hormone on the body? (*Only 1)"
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1. ADRENERGIC STIMLUATION
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The 'OVARIES' secrete '2 hormones'. What are the hormones?
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"1. ESTROGENS
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What are the primary effects of these hormone on the body? (*2 of them)"
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"1. ESTROGEN = MAINTAIN FEMALE GENITAL TRACT AND PROMOTE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
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The 'TESTES' secrete '1 hormone'. What is the hormone?
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1. TESTOSTERONE
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What are the primary effects of this hormone on the body? (*2 of them)"
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"1. PROMOTE MALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
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The transport of hormones (most steroids) in blood are carried by WHAT?
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CARRIER PROTEINS
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Why are hormones (most steroids) that are carried through the blood UNABLE to pass through capillary walls?
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THEY ARE ATTACHED TO CARRIER PROTEINS
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Hormones are usually present in very HIGH concentrations?"
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"FALSE:
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How do HORMONES influence their target cells?
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"CHEMICALLY BINDING TO:
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Hormones can only bind to specific cells. Why?
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ONLY TARGET CELLS FOR A CERTAIN HORMONE HAVE 'RECEPTORS' THAT BIND AND RECOGNIZE THAT HORMONE.
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On average, how many RECEPTORS for a certain hormone does a TARGET CELL have?
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2,000 - 10,000 RECEPTORS
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What happens when a HORMONE is present in excess?
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NUMBER OF 'TARGET CELL' RECEPTORS MAY DECREASE
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What is 'DOWN-REGULATION'?
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HORMONE IN EXCESS = TARGET CELL 'RECEPTOR' DECREASE
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What is 'UP-REGULATION'?
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HORMONE IN DEFICIT = TARGET CELL 'RECEPTOR' INCREASE
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What happens when a HORMONE is deficient?
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NUMBER OF 'TARGET CELLS' RECEPTORS MAY INCREASE
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What are the effects of 'UP-REGULATION'?
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TARGET TISSUE = 'MORE' SENSITIVE TO A HORMONE
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All 'STEROID HORMONES' are also what type of molecule?
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LIPIDS
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What are all 'STEROID HORMONES' are derived from?
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CHOLESTEROL
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What are the benefits/reasons for why 'STEROID HORMONES' are also LIPIDS?
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"LIPID SOLUBLE CAN CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE QUICKLY.
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What are some examples of 'STEROID HORMONES'? (*There are 5 of them)
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"1. ESTROGENS
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What are 'BIOGENIC AMINES'?
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A FORM OF 'STEROIDS'
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How are 'BIOGENIC AMINES' made?
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SYNTHESIZING AMINO ACIDS
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What are some examples of 'BIOGENIC AMINE' hormones? (*There are 4 of them)
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"1. T3/T4
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How many 'iodines' are there in T4? T3?
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"1. T4 = 4 Iodines
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Where are 'PEPTIDE/PROTEIN' hormones synthesized?
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ROUGH E.R.
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'PEPTIDE/PROTEIN' hormones consist of approximately how many chains of 'AMINO ACIDS'?
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3-200 AMINO ACIDS
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What are some examples of 'PEPTIDE/PROTEIN' hormones? (*There are 6 of them)
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"1. OXYTOCIN
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What are the three sub-units of G-proteins?
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"1. Alpha
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What are the functions of G-proteins? (*There are 3 of them)
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"1. MOLECULAR 'SWITCHES' between Inactive GDP/Active GTP
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In 'NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY' the brain sends out commands in two different ways. What are the 2 ways?
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"1. ELECTRICAL - Nervous System
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There are 5 general characteristics of 'HORMONES'. What are they?
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"1. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORS
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'HORMONES' secreted/carried by blood CAN affect target organs that are distant from site of synthesis."
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"TRUE
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One of the general characteristics of 'HORMONES' is 'INITIATE SPECIFIC ACTIONS'. There are 4 ways it can do this. What are they?
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"1. AFFECT MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (i.e., INSULIN)
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What is an example of an 'EXCEPTION' of a hormone that is NOT secreted/carried by blood?
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"NOREPINEPHRINE
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What regulates the secretion of endocrine glands?
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BRAIN
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What regulates the CNS to modify brain functions with regards to 'ENDOCRINE' functions?
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HORMONES
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What is 'NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY' defined as?
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STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM/ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
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What is considered to be the 'MASTER GLAND' of the body?
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' has the microscopic structure of what?
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"ENDOCRINE GLAND
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The 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' has the structure of what?
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"NERVE TISSUE
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Where are the 2 hormones that are released from the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' made?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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The 2 hormones released from the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' are made from what 'cells'?
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NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN HYPOTHALAMUS
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How are the 2 hormones made in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' transported to the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY'?
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AXONS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS
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The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' is regulated by substances that are made by what part of the brain?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' is regulated by the releasing of 2 types of hormones from the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' that affect the release of other ANTERIOR PITUITARY hormones. What are the 2 TYPES of hormones and what do they do?
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"1. RELEASING HORMONES (STIMULATE)
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There are 3 hormones that are made in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' to regulate the 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' by STIMULATING it. What are the 3 hormones?
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"1. CRH
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There is 1 hormone that is made in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' to regulate the 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' by INHIBITING it. What is the hormone?
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1. GIH or Somatostatin
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What does CRH do?
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STIMULATE 'ACTH' SECRETION
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What does TRH do?
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"STIMULATE 'TSH' SECRETION AND some 'PROLACTIN'
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What does GnRH or (LHRH) do?
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"STIMULATES 'FSH'/'LH' SECRETION.
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It is possible to separate LH/FSH releasing activities?"
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"FALSE:
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What does GIH or (Somatostatin) do?
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INHIBIT 'GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)' SECRETION
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Cortisol (released from adrenal cortex) may inhibit the release of ____ in the higher brain centers?
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CRH
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GROWTH HORMONE is also known as what?
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SOMATOTROPIN
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How does 'GROWTH HORMONE' work? (*There are 2 reasons)
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"1. STIMULATES UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS
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What causes long bones to stop growing?
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EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE VIA PUBERTY (SEX HORMONE PRESENCE)
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Growth Hormone is synthesized from a LARGER precursor peptide."
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"TRUE
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There are 2 disorders that can occur when excess HGH is present. What are the 2 disorders and what defines them?
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"1. GIGANTISM - Excess HGH before puberty
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Acromegaly/Gigantism are almost always due to what two factors?
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"PITUITARY ADENOMA (Main)
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What are the symptoms of ACROMEGALY? (*There are 8 of them)
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"1. OVERGROWTH OF BONE (SKULL/MANDIBLE)
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What are the possible treatments of 'ACROMEGALY'? (*There are 3 of them)
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"1. Transsphenoidal microsurgery
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What is 'PITUITARY DWARFISM'?
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"LACK OF GH or GRH before puberty.
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What are the symptoms of 'PITUITARY DWARFISM'? (*There are 2 of them)
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"1. SMALL BODY W/ NORMAL PROPORTIONS
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How is 'PITUITARY DWARFISM' diagnosed?
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"1. LOW RISE IN GH POST-STIMULUS.
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What is the treatment of 'PITUITARY DWARFISM'?
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"hGH INJECTIONS
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What are the effects of 'PROLACTIN'? (*There are 2)
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"1. STIMULATE PRODUCTION OF MILK
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What are the effects of 'TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)'? (*There are 2)
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"1. STIMULATE T4/T3 SECRETION FROM THYROID
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What are the effects of 'FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)'? (*There are 4)
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"1. STIMULATE GROWTH/DEVELPOMENT OF FOLLICLE (EGG) TO MATURITY
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FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein in the 'SERTOLI CELLS'. This causes what to occur (in males)?
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"INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE NEAR SPERM
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The secretion of 'FSH' is regulated by what?
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GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)
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The secretion of 'FSH' is referred to as being ________, which is the case with many other hormones as well.
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EPISODIC
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Without this hormone, a follicle will NOT reach maturation.
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FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
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This hormone acts with 'FSH' in the development of the follicle (egg).
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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This hormone promotes ovulation. (Known as the "SURGE")
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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This hormone is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum.
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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In 'males' this hormone STIMULATES production of TESTOSTERONE by the INTERSTITIAL CELLS.
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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Cortisol is also known as what?
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"GLUCOCORTICOIDS
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What are the effects of 'ACTH' (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN)? (*There are two of them)
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"1. MAINTAIN NORMAL GROWTH/DEVELPOMENT OF ADRENAL CORTEX
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The first '1-13' amino acids of ACTH are IDENTICAL to what other hormone?
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(MSH) MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
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'GH' promotes growth of bone in two ways. What are the two ways?
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"1. BONE THICKNESS
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'GH' promotes growth of bone by stimulating the activity of these cells.
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"OSTEOBLASTS
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'GH' stimulates the proliferation of this type of cartilage. What does this do for the bones?
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"1. EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE
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Long bones will continue to grow as long as this happens.
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EPIPHYSEAL PLATE remains cartilaginous or 'open'.
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'GH' causes growth-promoting effect INDIRECTLY by stimulating what?
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SOMATOMEDINS
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There are 3 things that 'GH' does NOT act directly on target cells to have occur. What are the 3 things?
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"1. CELL DIVISION
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What is 'Somatomedin IGF' and what causes the release of it?
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"1. IGF = INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR
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This hormone is stimulated by 'GH' and mediates MOST of 'GH' growth-promoting activity.
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IGF-I = INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR
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The major source of IFG-I is found where?
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LIVER
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The production of IGF-I is controlled by a number of factors in addition to 'GH'. There are 3 of them. What are they?
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"1. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
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These hormones play a MAJOR role in stimulating the closure of the epiphyseal plate.
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SEX HORMONES
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The 2 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' hormones are synthesized where? How are they transported?
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"1. SYNTHESIZED IN HYPOTHALAMUS
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Both of these are considered to be what type of 'Feedback Mechanism'?"
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"1. STIMULATES MILK SECRETION
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How does 'OXYTOCIN' cause 'Milk Secretion'?
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CAUSES CONTRACTION OF MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS AROUND MAMMARY ALVEOLI.
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How does 'OXYTOCIN' cause 'Uterine Contraction'?
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ALTERS TRANSMEMBRANE IONIC CURRENTS IN MYOMETRIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS.
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Where is ADH released? It is released in response to what (*2 things)?
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"1. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
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Where is the 'ADRENAL GLAND' located?
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SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE KIDNEY
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The 'ADRENAL MEDULLA' secretes what type of hormones?
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CATECHOLAMINE HORMONES
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The 'ADRENAL CORTEX' secretes what type of steroids?
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CORTICOSTEROIDS
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'CORTICOSTEROIDS' which are secreted from the 'ADRENAL CORTEX' participate in 3 things. What are the 3 things?
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"1. MINERAL BALANCE REGULATION
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What % of the catecholamines released from the 'ADRENAL MEDULLA' is 'EPINEPHRINE'?
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80% = EPINEPHRINE
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What % of the catecholamines released from the 'ADRENAL MEDULLA' is 'NOREPINEPHRINE'?
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20% = NOREPINEPHRINE
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The 'ADRENAL GLAND' is separated into two parts. What are the two parts?
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"1. ADRENAL CORTEX (UPPER)
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The 'ADRENAL CORTEX' is separated into '3 ZONES'. What are the 3 zones and where are they located?
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"1. ZONA GLOMERULOSA (Outer)
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There are 3 main types of 'CORTICOSTEROID' hormones. What are they?
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"1. MINERALCORTICOIDS
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4. What regulates this hormone?"
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"1. ALDOSTERONE
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4. What regulates this hormone?"
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"1. CORTISOL
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4. What regulates these hormones?"
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"1. SEX HORMONES
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What cells of the 'ADRENAL MEDULLA' are responsible for the secretion of catecholamines (norepi, epi) in a sympathetic response?
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CHROMAFFIN CELLS
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6. General Weakness"
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ADDISON'S DISEASE
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'ADDISON'S DISEASE' has a symptom of 'inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids. This is caused by DECREASED activity where?
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ADRENAL CORTEX
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The 'INCREASED SKIN PIGMENTATION' and 'HYPERSECRETION' of ACTH is a symptom of what disease?
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ADDISON'S DISEASE
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What are the characteristics of 'ADDISON'S DISEASE'? (*There are 9 of them)
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"1. HYPOGLYCEMIA
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7. Supressed Wound Healing"
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CUSHING SYNDROME
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Someone with 'HIGH/INCREASED ADRENAL CORTEX' activity with HIGH levels of corticosteroids causing CUSHING SYNDROME, generally has one of these.
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TUMOR OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
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Someone with 'DECREASED ANTIBODIES' has what kind of levels of 'CORTICOIDS'? Why?
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"HIGH LEVELS OF 'GLUCOCORTICOIDS'
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What is 'CUSHING SYNDROME'? What are the symptoms? (*There are 8)
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"1. PUFFY FACE
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7. MASCULIZATION OF FEMALES"
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ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME
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The 'ALTERATION' of enzymes that are required to produce 'MINERALCORTICOIDS' and 'GLUCOCORTICOIDS' results in an increase of production of what type of HORMONES?
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"SEX HORMONES
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What is 'ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME'? What are the symptoms? (*There are 7)
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"1. INCREASED FACIAL/BODY HAIR
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This 'HORMONE' is known as the MAIN SEX HORMONE. What is it? Which sex does it affect more?
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"DHEA - Dehydroepiandrosterone
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What is 'PHEOCROMOCYTOMA'? What characteristics does it have?
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"TUMOR IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
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Where is the 'THYROID GLAND' located? What 3 things does it secrete?
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"NECK
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What are the effects of the hormones (T3/T4) secreted from the 'THYROID GLAND'?
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"1. DEVELOPMENT
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The 'THYROID GLAND' consists of how many lateral lobes? What is it 'interconnected' by?
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"1. TWO LATERAL LOBES
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What are 'THYROID FOLLICLES'? How many of these do humans have?
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"1. SPHERICAL SACS
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'THYROID FOLLICLES' are lined with what type of cells? What do these do?
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"1. PRINCIPAL CELLS
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'THYROID FOLLICLES' also contain a protein-rich fluid. What is this protein-rich fluid called?
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COLLOID
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Between the 'THYROID FOLLICLES' there are some cells. What are these cells and what do they do?
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"1. PERIFOLLICULAR CELLS
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The 'THYROID FOLLICLES' can store how many months worth of T3/T4?
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6 MONTHS
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Without the 'THYROID HORMONE' a woman can still get pregnant."
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"FALSE
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What is the 'BASAL METABOLIC RATE'?
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The 'METABOLIC RATE' at REST or when you FIRST WAKE UP.
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How are they regulated?"
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"1. INCREASE RATE OF ENERGY
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How is it regulated?"
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"1. LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM BY INHIBITING RELEASE OF CALCIUM FROM BONE TISSUE
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8. GENERAL LETHARGY"
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"CRETINISM
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What are the symptoms of 'CRETINISM'? (*There are 8)
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"1. LOW T3/T4 IN CHILDREN
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If a child has insufficient T3/T4 secretion, what disease does he have? What will happen if not treated?
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"1. CRETINISM
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What is the adult form of the disease where there is 'INSUFFICIENT SECRETION OF T3/T4'?
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MYXEDEMA
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9. INSUFFICIENT T3/T4 SECRETION."
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MYXEDEMA
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What are the characteristics of 'MYXEDEMA'?
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"1. WEIGHT GAIN
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What is a 'GOITER' and what is it caused by?
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"ENLARGED THYROID GLAND
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10. EXCESSIVE T3/T4 SECRETION"
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GRAVE'S DISEASE (THYROXICOSIS)
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What are the symptoms of 'GRAVE'S DISEASE' (THYROXICOSIS)? (*There are 10 of them)
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"1. WEIGHT LOSS
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What is the treatment for 'GRAVE'S DISEASE'? (*There are 3 of them)
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"1. SURGICAL REMOVAL OF PORTION OF THYROID GLAND
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What disease(s) is/are possible with 'HYPOTHYROIDISM'?
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"1. CRETINISM
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What disease(s) is/are possible with 'HYPERTHYROIDISM'?
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1. GRAVE'S DISEASE
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'NEONTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM' affects approximately how many babies per year? When are they treated?
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"1:4000 BABIES
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What does 'CALCITONIN' inhibit?
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"OSTEOCLASTS
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The 'CALCIUM' in the body is found for the most part in 3 places. What are the 3 places and what are their percentages?
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"1. 99% - SKELETON/TEETH
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What does it do?"
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"1. THYROID GLAND
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How does 'CALCITONIN' lower blood calcium levels? (*2 things)
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"1. INHIBIT OSTEOCLASTS (BONE RESORPTION)
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What are the glands that are attached to the 'posterior' portion of the 'THYROID GLAND' called?
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1. PARATHYROID GLANDS
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What are the effects of 'PARATHORMONE' (PTH)?
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INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM
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Parathormone (PTH) is essential for life"
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"TRUE
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How does 'PARATHORMONE' (PTH) increase blood calcium? (*3 ways)
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"1. STIMULATE OSTEOCLASTS
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'DIHYDROXYVITAMIN' (D3) is stimulated by (PTH). What does (D3) do? (*There are 4 things)
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"1. RAISE PLASMA CALCIUM/PHOSPHATE LEVELS
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What 'VITAMIN' helps Calcium to be absorbed from the G.I. tract?
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VITAMIN D
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What is 'HYPERPARATHYROIDISM' usually caused by? What are the symptoms?
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"TUMOR IN PARATHYROID GLAND
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What is 'HYPOPARATHYROIDISM' usually caused by? What are the symptoms?
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"REMOVAL OF PARATHYROIDS DURING THYROID SURGERY
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The 'PANCREAS' is considered to be what type of gland?
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MIXED GLAND
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The 'PANCREAS' has two types of glands. What are they?
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"1. EXOCRINE GLAND (w/ducts)
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The 'ENDOCRINE GLAND' is formed by what? What are they also referred to as?
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"1. CLUSTERS OF CELLS
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Inside of the 'ENDOCRINE GLAND' there are two types of cells. What are the two types of cells?
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"ALPHA
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'ALPHA CELLS' in the 'ENDOCRINE GLAND' of the 'PANCREAS' secrete what?
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"GLUCAGON
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'BETA CELLS' in the 'ENDOCRINE GLAND' of the 'PANCREAS' secrete what?
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"INSULIN
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60-75% of the 'ISLET CELLS' in the 'ENDOCRINE GLAND' of the 'PANCREAS' secrete this hormone. What is the hormone, and what cells secretes it?
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"BETA CELLS
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What are the effects of 'GLUCAGON'?
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"1. ELEVATES BLOOD GLUCOSE
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What are the effects of 'INSULIN'? (*There are 3)
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"1. PROMOTES UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE IN CELLS
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There are some tissues that do NOT require insulin for 'GLUCOSE' uptake. What are the 4 tissues?
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"1. BRAIN
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What is 'GLUT4' and how does it function?
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"GLUT4 = (GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER)
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There is one symptom that is consist for both forms of 'DIABETES', what is it?
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POLYURIA = INCREASED URINE
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What is 'DIABETES MELLITUS' and what is it caused by? (*There are 6)
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"INSULIN DEFICIENCY
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What are the two types of 'DIABETES MELLITUS'? Which ones is the worst?
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"Type I - INSULIN-DEPENDENT
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What are the characteristics of 'TYPE I - JUVENILE ONSET' diabetes? (*There are 3 of them)
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"1. INSULIN INJECTIONS
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What kind of treatment is there?"
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"1. NO INSULIN INJECTIONS
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What is 'GLYCOSURIA'?
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"GLUCOSE IN THE URINE
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What is 'POLYURIA'?
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"INCREASED URINE VOLUME
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What is 'POLYDIPSIA'?
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INCREASED DRINKING, CAUSED BY 'POLYURIA'
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What is 'HYPERGLYCEMIA'?
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HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS (250-1000 mg)
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What is 'KETOACIDOSIS'? How does this occur from 'DIABETES'?
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"ACETONE IN URINE
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What are the 8 symptoms of someone that has 'DIABETES MELLITUS'?
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"1. GLYCOSURIA
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What are the 3 chronic complications of 'DIABETES MELLITUS'?
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"1. HYPERGLYCEMIA
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What is the 'POLYOL PATHWAY'? Why is it a bad thing for a person with 'DIABETES MELLITUS'?
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"TISSUES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE INSULIN FOR CELL-TRANSPORT USE THIS PATHWAY.
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Why is there an increased risk for 'INFECTION' for someone who has 'DIABETES MELLITUS'? (*There are 4 reasons)
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"1. PATHOGENS PROLIFERATE FAST DUE TO INCREASE GLUCOSE
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What is the treatment for someone with 'DIABETES MELLITUS'? (*There are 4 of them)
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"1. EXERCISE / LOSS OF WEIGHT
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What is it called when 'INSULIN' is found in 'EXCESS' amounts in the body?
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HYPERINSULINISM
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How does 'HYPERINSULINISM' occur?
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"EXCESS AMOUNTS OF INSULIN IN BODY
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What are the symptoms of 'HYPERINSULINISM'? (*There are 7 of them)
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"1. NERVOUSNESS
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What is the treatment for someone affected with 'HYPERINSULINISM'?
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"CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE
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What is 'HYPOGLYCEMIA'?
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OCCURS WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS FALL BELOW '40 - 50 mg%'.
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What is 'REACTIVE HYPOGLYCEMIA'?
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"MOST COMMON IN ADULTS (TYPE II DIABETES)
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What are the symptoms of 'HYPOGLYCEMIA'? (*There are 6 of them)
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"1. HUNGER
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What are the PARASYMPATHETIC/SYMPATHETIC responses respectively for someone with 'HYPOGLYCEMIA'?
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"PARASYMPATHETIC = HUNGER
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What is 'GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS' (GDM)?
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DIABETES THAT OCCURS DURING PREGNANCY 'but' DISAPPEARS AFTER DELIVERY.
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What is the ratio of 'GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)'?
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1-14% OF PREGNANCIES
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When does 'GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)' occur?
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3rd TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
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A woman with 'GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)' is at a higher risk of complications with 'PREGNANCY', 'MORTALITY', and 'FETAL ABNORMALITIES'."
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"TRUE
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What are some of the 'FETAL ABNORMALITIES' associated with a baby whose mother had 'GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS' (GDM)? (*There are 5 of them)
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"1. LARGE BODY SIZE
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What is the percentage of 'PREGNANT WOMEN' that will develop 'DIABETES MELLITUS' within 15 years after having (GDM)?
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40-60%
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What percentage of the women who have (GDM) will convert to having 'TYPE II - DIABETES MELLITUS' within 10 years?
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25%
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4. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE"
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OXYTOCIN
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What does Growth Hormone (GH) stimulate?
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THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS
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Excess 'GROWTH HORMONE' in 'ADULTS' causes a condition known as?
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ACROMEGALY
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Spermatogensis is 'STIMULATED' by what hormone?
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FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
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ADH is synthesized in the...
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Glucocorticoids are released from which portion of the 'ADRENAL CORTEX'?
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"ZONA FASCICULATA
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'HYPERsecretion' of corticosteroids casues a condition known as what?
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CUSHING SYNDROME
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4. 2 AND 3"
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"4. 2 AND 3
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4. ALPHA CELLS"
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"4. ALPHA CELLS
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4. ALL OF THE ABOVE"
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4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
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