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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the heart's pulmonary circuit takes blood to and from the what?
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the heart's PULMONARY CIRCUIT takes blood to and from the LUNGS
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where does the systemic circuit transport blood to?
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the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT takes blood to and from the body tissues
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the atria receives blood from which of the heart's circuits?
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the ATRIA receives blood from BOTH the pulmonary and systemic circuits
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what are the ventricles of the heart?
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the VENTRICLES are the PUMPING CHAMBERS of the hear
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what is the largest organ of the mediastinum?
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the HEART is the largest organ of the MEDIASTINUM
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where is the apex on the heart?
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the APEX lies left of the midline. it's the point at the bottom for orienting the heart
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what is the base of the heart?
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the BASE is the broad posterior surface
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at which costal cartilage does the superior right corner of the heart lie?
a. 2nd rib b. 3rd rib c. 5th rib d. 6th rib |
the SUPERIOR RIGHT corner of the heart is at the 3RD rib and sternum
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the inferior right corner of the heart is at which rib?
a. 2nd rib b. 3rd rib c. 5th rib d. 6th rib |
the INFERIOR RIGHT corner of the heart is at costal cartilage of the 6th rib
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the superior left corner of the heart is at which costal cartilage?
a. 2nd rib b. 3rd rib c. 5th rib d. 6th rib |
the SUPERIOR LEFT corner of the heart is at the costal cartilage of teh 2nd rib
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the inferior left corner of the heart is at which intercostal cartilage?
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the INFERIOR LEFT corner of the heart is at the 5th intercostal space @ the midclavicular line
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what are serous cavities? examples?
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SEROUS CAVITIES are slit-like space lined by serous membranes. examples include the pericardium (heart), pleura (lung), peritoneum (abdominal)
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what is the parietal serosa?
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the PARIETAL SEROSA is the outer wall of the cavity
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what is the visceral serosa?
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the VISCERAL SEROSA covers the visceral organs
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what are serous cavities filled with?
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serous cavities are filled with SEROUS FLUID that is produced from the serous membranes
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why have serous fluid?
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serous fluid is slippery & allows the visceral organs to slide w/ minimal friction across the cavity wall as they carry out routine functions
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the serous pericardium is formed from what 2 layers?
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the PARIETAL LAYER & the VISCERAL LAYER form the serous pericardium
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what is the epidcardium AKA?
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the EPICARDIUM is AKA the visceral layer of the serous pericardim
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what are the three layers of the heart?
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epicardium
myocardium endocardium |
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which layer of the heart consists of cardiac muscle & forms the bulk of the heart?
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the MYOCARDIUM consist of cardiac muscle & forms the bulk of the heart
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which layer of the heart is surrounded by circular & spiral patterned bundles of muscle? why is it surrounded?
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the MYOCARDIUM is surrounded by bundles of muscles. it enables blood to be squeezed through the heart
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what kind of tissue is the endocardium?
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the ENDOCARDIUM is made of endothelium, a sheet of simple squamous epithelium
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where is the endocardium found in the heart?
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the ENDOCARDIUM lines the internal walls of the heart chambers & valves
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GO STUDY A PIC OF A HEART. NOWWW.
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NOWWW.
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oxygenated/deoxygenated blood from the systemic system (body) goes to the R/L atrium? via the?
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DEOXYGENATED blood from the systemic system goes to the RIGHT atrium via the VENA CAVA & CORONARY SINUS
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where in the heart are the pectinate muscles found?
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PECTINATE MUSCLES
ridges inside the anterior of the right atrium |
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what is the fossa ovalis?
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FOSSA OVALIS
depression in the interatrial septum; remnant of the foramen ovale |
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what is the crista terminalis?
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CRISTA TERMINALIS
C-shaped ridge landmark used to locate veins entering R atrium |
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right ventricle
recieves blood from the __ through the __ valve |
RIGHT VENTRICLE
receives blood from the R ATRIUM through the ATRIOVENTRICULAR (TRICUSPID) VALVE |
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what are the trabeculae carneae?
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TRABECULAE CARNEAE
irregular ridges of muslces along inner surface of ventricles |
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what are the papillary muscles? where are they found?
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PAPILLARY MUSCLES
cone shaped muscle projections, found in ventricles |
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what are the chordae tendineae?
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CHORDAE TENDINEAE
strong thin bands which project superiorly from the papillary muscles to the cusps of the tricuspid AV valve |
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blood from the right ventricle is pumped through the __ __ valve into the __ ___ which goes to the R & L ___ ___.
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blood from the right ventricle is pumped through the PULMONARY SEMINLUNAR valve into the PULMONARY TRUNK which goes to the R& L pulmonary arteries.
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is the left atrium on the anterior/posterior surface of the heart?
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LEFT ATRIUM is on the POSTERIOR SURFACE
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left atrium receives de/oxygenated blood from the __ through the right & left __ veins.
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L ATRIUM receives OXYGENATED blood from the lungs through the R & L PULMONARY veins
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blood from the R atrium goes to the ___ ventricle through the ___ valve.
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blood from LEFT ATRIUM goes to the LEFT VENTRICLE via the MITRAL (left atrioventricular) VALVE
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left ventricle pumps blood through the __ __ valve to the ___ circuit
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L VENTRICLE
pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) to the systemic circuit |
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the cusps of the heart valves are made of
a. myocardium b. endocardium c. pericardium |
the cusps of the valves are made of ENDOCARDIUM
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the right atrioventricular valve is bi/tricuspid?
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R atrioventricular valve is tricuspid
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left atrioventricular/vitral valve is bi/tricuspid?
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L atrioventricular valve is bicuspid
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aortic & pulmonary valves aka semilunar valves are bi/tricuspid?
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aortic & pulmonary valves are tricuspid valves. btw called semilunar because they're shaped like crescent moons
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what is the fibrous skeleton? what kind of tissue?
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FIBROUS SKELETON
lies in the plane btwn the atria 7 ventricles & surrounds & reinforces all 4 valves; dense connective tissue |
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what functions (4) does the fibrous skeleton serve?
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FIBROUS SKELETON
-anchors valve cusps -prevents overdilation of valve openings -main point of insertion for bundles of cardiac muscle in atria & ventricles -supports proper coordination atrial & ventricular contractions by blocking direct spread of electrical impulses from atria to ventricle s |
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AV valves open when there is more pressure in the
a. atrium b. ventricle |
AV valves open when there is more pressure in the atrium
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the heart sounds are a result the heart doing what?
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the heart sounds are produced when the valves close. "lub" AV valves close + "dub" semilunar valves close
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at rest, what is the normal heart beat?
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60-80 beats/min is normal at rest
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what does systole stage of heartbeat entail?
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SYSTOLE STAGE
contraction of heart chamber that pushes blood out through aorta & pulmonary trunk arteries |
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what does the diastole stage of heartbeat entail?
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DIASTOLE STAGE
expansion of heart chamber volume as atria & ventricles fill up with blood |
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pathway of blood starting at the systemic system
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systemic system
vena cava/coronary sinus right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aorta systemic system |
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what is valve insufficiency or incompetence?
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VALVE INSUFFICIENCY/INCOMPETENCE
valves leak b/c they fail to close properly |
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what is mitral valve prolapse?
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MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
weakness of collagen in valve & the chordae tendinae allow the cusp to flop into the L atrium during ventricular systole; some blood flows back from L ventricles into L atrium |
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what is the most common heart valve disorder?
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the most common heart valve disorder is MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
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what is valve stenosis (e.g. aortic valve stenosis)?
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VALVE STENOSIS
valves w/ narrow openings due to the fused or stiffened cusps; contricted opening causes less blood to flow through the valve |
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does the atria have thin/thick walls?
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ATRIA has THIN walls
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do the ventricles have thin/thick walls?
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VENTRICLES have THICK walls
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is the systemic shorter/longer than the pulmonary circuit?
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systemic is LONGER than pulmonary circuit
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which ventricular wall is thicker? R/L?
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LEFT VENTRICLE WALL is thicker than right (3x thicker)
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what mechanism does the myocardium use to contract?
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myocardium uses a sliding filament mechanism to contract
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T/F cardiac muscle cells are short compared to skeletal muscle fibers
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TRUE. cardiac muscle cells are short compared to skeletal muscle fibers
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cardiac muscle cell characteristics:
few/many nuclei? fused/not fused? contraction mechanism similar/not to skeletal muscles? |
cardiac muscle
-few nuclei, 1 or 2 -not fused colonies like skeletal muscle -mechanism for contraction similar to skeletal |
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cardiac muscle cells contain all of the following except
-myofibrils -sacromeres -A & I bands -Z discs -M lines -H zones |
TRICK QUESTION. cardiac muscles contain all of them!!
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what kind of tissue does the endomysium have? think abt where it's located
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ENDOMYSIUM
loose fibrous connective tissue which contains blood vessels & nerves that serve muscle cells |
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what is the function of the endomysium
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endomysium anchors the muscles tissue with the fibrous skeleton of the heart and facilitates the transmission of contractile forces by muscle cells
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what are the intercalated discs?
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INTERCALATED DISCS are where cells join. sacrolemma of adjacent cells interlock through meshing fingers to form complex junctions & cellular networks
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what are fasciae adherans? where are they found?
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FASCIAE ADHERANS are cell desmosome-like junctions which are in the transverse regions of intercalated discs. they bind adjacent cells together & transmit the contractile signal
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what are gap junctions? where are they found?
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GAP JUNCTIONS are in the longitudinal regions & allow ions to pass btwn cells and transmit the contractile signal to adjacent cells
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what ion triggers cardiac muscle contractions? how does it get into the cell?
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Ca2+ enters through the SACROLEMMA (muscle cell plasma membrane) & triggers cardiac muscle contraction
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how does a cardiac muscle cell respond to a small amt of Ca2+?
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Ca2+ signals the sacroplasmic reticulum to release stored Ca2+. these ions diffuse into sacromeres & triggers the sliding filament mechanism
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T/F even if all the extrinsic nerve connections to the heart are severed, it will keep beating rhythmically
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TRUE. the heart has intrinsic ability to contract rhythmically
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pathway of conducting system of the heart
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sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) generates impulse
atrioventricular (AV) node atrioventricular (AV) bundle bundle branches of the interventricular septum conducts it Purkinje fibers stimulate contractile cells of ventricles |
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where is the sino-atrial (SA) node found?
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SA NODE is in the wall of right atrium
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what is the heart's pacemaker?
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SA node = heart's pacemaker
it generates the impulses |
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what are subendocardial branches AKA? what's its purpose?
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subendocardial branches = Purkinje fibers
they stimulate the contraction of the ventricles |
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how does the visceral sensory fibers affect the heart rate?
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visceral sensory fibers can perceive cardiac muscle stress in person with ischemic heart disease
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how does the parasympathetic system affect heart rate? through which nerve does it do so?
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parasympathetic affects the heart rate by slowing it down. via the vagus nerver
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how do the sympathetic motor fibers affect heart rate?
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sympathetic motor fibers increase heart rate
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which part of the brain controls the autonomic input into the heart?
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autonomic input of heart is controlled by the reticular formation of medulla oblongata of the brain stem
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which part of the medulla oblongat a influences the parasympathetic?
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the cardioinhibitory center of the medulla oblongata influences the parasympathetic
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which part of the medulla oblongata influences the sympathetic?
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the cardioacceleratory center influences the sympathetic
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what supplies blood to the heart? HAHA
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the coronary arteries arise from the aorta & supply blood to the heart
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left coronary artery branches into the ___ artery & the __ __ artery
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L coronary arter branches into the CIRCUMFLEX artery & ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR artery
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right coronary artery branches into the __ artery & __ __ artery
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R coronary artery branches into the MARGINAL artery & POSTERIOR VENTRICULAR artery
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what is atherosclerosis/
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ARTHEROSCLEROSIS
fatty deposits inside coronary arteries |
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what is angina pectoris?
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ANGINA PECTORIS
chest pain from cardiac muscle ischemia from decreased blood supply to cardiac muscle due to coronary artery disease |
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what is silent ischemia?
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SILENT ISCHEMIA
no pain or warning in ppl whose sensory fibers do not recieve pain from cardiac muscle with decreased blood supply |
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what is a myocardial infarction?
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
aka heart attack! diseased coronary artery becomes blocked which results in interruption of blood supply to cardiac muscle causing cell death (inarction) to muscle tissue |
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possible treatments of atherosclerosis of coronary arteries?
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atherosclerosis of coronary arteries treatment
-angioplasty & placement of stent -coronary bypass graft; double bypass surgery |
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what is heart failure (including congestive heart disease)?
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HEART FAILURE
-progressive weakening of the heart muscle -cannot meet the body's demands for oxygenated blood |
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what is pulmonary arterial hypertension?
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PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
enlargement & potential failure of R ventricle from elevated pressure in the pulmonary circuit |
