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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the layers for arteries?
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intima
media adventitia |
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how are veins different from arteries?
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larger diameter and lumina
thinner, less organized walls more prone to irreg dilation, compression adn inflammation valves in larger vessels push bl against gravity. |
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~how thick is a capillary?
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only one endothelial cell layer thick
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feature that causes slow bl flow?
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Very large cross sectional area
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~diameter of capillary?
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rbc diameter
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What is the endothelium involved with?
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Blood tissue interchange (permeability)
Control of coagulation and clotting Vessel repair Modulation of blood flow Regulation of inflammation Regulation of cell growth Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein |
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greater than _____ bpm = tachycardia
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100
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less than ______ bpm = bradycardia
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60
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systole = contraction and causes?
3 |
Walls of the right and left ventricles contract
Pump blood into pulmonary artery and aorta Tricuspid and mitral valves close |
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diastole = dilation and causes?
3 |
Ventricle walls relax and blood flows into the heart from venae cavae and pulmonary veins
Tricuspid and mitral valves are open Pulmonary and aortic valves close at |
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During diastole, where does the bl flow in from?
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from venae cavae and pulmonary veins
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which valves are open in diastole?
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Tricuspid and mitral valves are open
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The amount of blood in ventricle at the end of _______ is called preload
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diastole
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preload: ___ venous return, more ____ of ventricle, more rapid and ______ ventricular contraction
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more
stretching forceful |
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what is the Frank-Starling relationship?
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Within limits, if more venous return, more stretching of ventricle, more rapid and forceful ventricular contraction
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in afterload what is the main portion?
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arterial pressure
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what factors are involved in afterload?
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arterial pressure
thickness of bl elasticity of vessels |
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contractility is also known as?
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inotropy
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Force of ventricular contraction independent of _____ ______
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Force of ventricular contraction independent of loading conditions
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what is normal cardiac output?
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normal is 5-6 L/min
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how do you measure the cardiac index?
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Cardiac output divided by body surface area
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what is the normal cardiac index?
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Normal is 2.6 – 4.2 L/min/m2
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From SA node, electrical impulse passes simultaneously to _____ and to right and left ___ causing them to _____
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From SA node, electrical impulse passes simultaneously to atrioventricular node (AV node) and to right and left atria causing them to contract
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where does the bundle of HIS divide into R and L
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Within interventricular septum
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what causes the walls to contract?
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Purkinje fibers
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what effects does the sympathetic system have on the heart?
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Increased heart rate through ß-1 receptors of SA and AV nodes
Shortened conduction time through AV node Innervates atria and ventricles Increased contractility of cardiac muscle by increasing calcium Therefore increased cardiac output |
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what effects does the parasympathetic system have on the heart?
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Decreased heart rate through SA and AV nodes
Increased conduction time through AV nodes Innervates atria by vagus nerve Little to no influence on ventricles Little effect on contractility Slight decrease Therefore decreased cardiac output |
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the resting membrane potential is ____ inside the cell and ______outside of cell
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neg
pos |
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how many na+ are exchanged for every 2 K?
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3
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Na + goes ___ the cell
(RMP) |
out
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K+ goes __ the cell
(RMP) |
into
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which ion leaks easier out?
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K
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Potassium leaks out ____ than sodium leaks ___
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easier
in |
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in depolarization, stimulus causes __________ of charges.
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neutralization
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Na+ gates open during _________
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Depolarization
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In Depolarization, cell membrane is
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+
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In Repolarization, Na+ channels are ____.
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closed, closing
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In Repolarization, K+ channels are ____.
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open
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during repolarization, cell becomes excessively ___ and gates ____
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neg
close |
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>________Americans die of CVD each day
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> 2,200 Americans die of CVD each day
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If all major CVD was eliminated estimated that life expectancy would increase by __ years
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7
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classic signs of heart dz
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Pain in chest, jaw, neck, back, shoulders or arms
Dyspnea Palpitations or skipped beats Syncope Edema |
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which signs are for women, and often mistaken for something else?
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jaw pain
back pain Dyspnea |
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Ocular findings can indicate increased __ of __
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risk of CVD
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what is associated with 2X rate of death from CVD?
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Avanced amd
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Retinopathy (diabetic or non) increases risk of heart disease ______x
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2 – 6 X
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CVD can cause ocular symptoms
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Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
Retinal vascular changes / CRVO Ocular ischemic syndrome |
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Cardiovascular meds can cause ocular adverse rxns:
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Warfarin, Amiodarone
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