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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiovascular system
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closed system of heart and blood
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Heart function
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pumps blood
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Blood vessels function
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allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
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How big is the heart
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about size of fist
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How much blood can heart pump per minute
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5 Liters
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Total Blood Volume
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about 5 L
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What happens to cardiovascular output when you workout?
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It increases can increase to about 30L per minute
(40L athletes) |
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Where is the heart found?
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About 2/3 to left of midline;
lying obliquely in the Pericardial Cavity Anterior Mediastinum, flanked laterally by lungs extending from 2nd rib to 5th intercostals space |
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How much of the heart is left of midline?
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2/3
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Coronary Circulation
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supplies myocardium of heart
● Coronary arteries ● Cardiac veins |
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What does the Coronary artery do?
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Supply myocardium of the heart
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What are the 2 parts of Coronary Circulation?
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Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins |
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Coronary arteries
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arise from the aorta, carry oxygen rich blood to myocardial tissue
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Cardiac Vein
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return oxygen poor blood to coronary sinus which empties into right atrium
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Coverings of the Heart
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Pericardial sac
1. Fibrous pericardium 2. Parietal pericardium 3. Visceral pericardium 4. Pericardial fluid |
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Pericardial sac
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tough, double walled sac that encloses the heart
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Fibrous pericardium
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outermost layer, composed of Dense CT
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Parietal pericardium
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serous membrane lining the fibrous pericardium
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Visceral pericardium
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serous membrane adhering to outside of heart
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Pericardial fluid
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serous fluid between the Parietal and visceral
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Pericardium has how many layers
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3 layers and serous fluid
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How many layers make up the wall of the heart?
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3
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Epicardium
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outer epithilial layer
AKA: visceral pericardium |
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Myocardium
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Middle layer of cardiac muscle
produces force of contraction |
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Endocardium
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Inner endothelium (epithelium lining chambers of heart) lining the chambers
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3 layers of hearts wall
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1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium |
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Chambers of the heart
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R/L Atria
R/L ventricles |
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Atria
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2 superior chambers of heart;
receive blood coming back to heart |
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Atria
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1. receive blood from veins
2. separated by interatrial septum 3. lined with muscular ridges (pectinate muscles) 4. Auricle |
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Pectinate muscles
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muscular ridges lining the anterior wall of Atria
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Auricles
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flap like outer portion of the Atria; folded outer portion of Atria
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Cardiomegaly
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hypotrophy of heart
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Ventricles of the heart
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2 inferior, muscular chambers
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Describe the ventricles of heart
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●2 inferior muscular chambers
● discharge blood from heart to body ●interventricular septum ●trabeculae carnea |
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Interventricular septum
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separates right and left ventricles of heart
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Trabeculae carnea
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muscular ridges lining the ventricles of the heart, looks like texture
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Circulation
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●pulmonary circulation
●Systematic circulation ●Associated great blood vessels ●Coronary circulation |
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Heart is slightly angled in the Mediastinum so that the apex and base are facing which direction?
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Base slightly posteriorly
Apex slightly anteriorly |
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Midclavicular line
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Center of clavicle
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Serous membrane
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(Epithelial) simple squamous cells with two layers
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2 layers of serous membrane
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Parietal
visceral |
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Serous fluid function
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reduces friction between the two membranes and reduces friction of movement in the cavity
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The serous membrane of the heart is made up of which two layers
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Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium |
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Epicardium AKA...
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Visceral pericardium
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What separates the 2 atriums?
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Interatrial septum
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Atria aren't very big why?
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they don't need to generate much energy because gravity helps and it is right next to where it is pumping
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Where do the ventricles pump blood to?
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to the body
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pulmonary circulation
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carries blood to lungs for gas exchange, dropping off CO2 and taking away O2 and returns it back to heart
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Systematic Circulation
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carries oxygen rich blood from left side of heart to the body tissues and returns CO2 rich blood to the heart
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Blood circulation heart
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Atria contract same time then,
Ventricles contract same time, |
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Path of O2 poor blood flow through heart
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1. O2 poor blood enters R. Atrium from sup./ inferior vena cavas and coronary sinus
2. Blood enters R.Ventricle via tricuspid valve 3. R. Ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar into the pulmonary trunk to travel to the lungs to be oxygenated |
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Path of O2 rich blood through heart
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1.Oxygen rich blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to L. Atrium
2. Blood passes from L. Atrium to L. Ventricle via bicupsid valve 3. L. Ventricle pumps blood through aortic semilunar valve into aorta 4. Aorta distributes oxygen rich blood to body tissues |
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Circulation from heart to body
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systemic
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Circulation from lungs and heart
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Pulmonary
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Veins and arteries
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both blood vessels but,
veins to heart arteries carry away from heart |
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Veins carry
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usually O2 poor blood to the heart, but not always as in pulmonary circulation
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Arteries carry
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usually O2 rich blood away from blood, but not always ad in pulmonary circulation
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Veins are usually depicted as what color?
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Blue
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Arteries are usually depicted as what color?
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Red
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Superior and inferior vena cava
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2 large veins carrying all Oxygen poor blood from the body to the heart;
enters R. Atrium |
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Superior cava carry O2 poor blood to the heart from where?
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head and arms
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Inferior Vena Cava
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comes up from abdominal cavity and bring O2 poor blood from lower limbs and abdomen
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Pulmonary trunk and arteries
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Leaves right ventricle carrying O2 poor blood to lungs
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Pulmonary veins
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4 veins enters L. Atrium carrying O2 rich blood to heart
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pathway
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Inferior/superior vena cava to
R. Atrium - tricuspid- R. Ventricle- Pulmonary semilunar valve to Pulmonary trunk- Pulmonary arteries Lungs- Pulmonary veins L. Atrium -bicuspid to left ventricle to aortic semilunar valve out of Aorta to be distributed to body |
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Blood leaves the L. Ventricle and goes to ....
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Aorta with O2 rich blood and is then distributed to body
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Aorta
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ascending
aortic arch descending aorta |
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Myocardium is larger on which side of heart?
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Left ventricle
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What circulatory stem is supplying the heart muscle?
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Coronary circulation
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Coronary Circulatory
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supplies blood to myocardium
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Coronary circulation
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Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins |
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Coronary arteries
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arise from the aorta carrying O2 rich blood
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Coronary veins
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return O2 poor blood to the Coronary sinus which empties into right atrium
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Valves
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ensure one way flow of blood to the Coronary sinus which empties into right atrium
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Valves open as ....
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Blood is pumped through them then it closes to prevent back flow
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Atriaventricular valves
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Bicupsid
Tricupsid |
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Bicupsid
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aka... mitral valve
(2cusps) between left atrium and ventricle |
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Tricupsid valve
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atriaventricular valve with 3 cups between the Right atrium and ventricle
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Chordar tendineae
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"Heart strings" anchor valves to papillary muscle on ventricle wall
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When the ventricles begin to contract what happens to the atriaventricular valves?
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They close
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Semilunar valves
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prevent back flow into ventricles when the heart relaxes
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2 Semilunar Valves
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Pulmonary semilunar
Aortic Semilunar |
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
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between R. Ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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Aortic semilunar valve
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between L. Ventricle and aorta
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Try to be Right
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use to help remember Tricupsid valve is on Right
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Heartbeat sound is what?
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AV valves shutting and semilunar shut
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Blood can come into Right atrium from what 3 options?
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Inferior vena cava
superior vena cava Coronary sinus |
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Fetal circulation
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varies because the lungs are fully developed and functioning
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How does a fetus get oxygen?
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Through placenta from mothers blood
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Placenta
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membrane where fetal circulation comes together with mother circulation (blood doesn't mix)
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Fetal circulation
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umbilical vein
Ductus venosus |
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Umbilical Vein
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carries O2/nutrient rich blood from placenta to the fetus
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Ductus venosus
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allows blood to bypass the immature liver and enter the inferior vena cava
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Umbilical cord
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made up of umbilical vein and umbilical artery, carries to and from placenta to fetus
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What allows bypass of liver in fetal circulation
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Ductus venosus
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What allows bypass of lungs in fetal circulation?
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Foramen Ovale
Ductus arteriosis |
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Foramen ovale
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opening in interatrial septum, shunts blood from R. Atrium to L. Atrium
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Ductus arteriosis
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shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to the aorta
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Umbilical arteries
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Carry oxygen poor blood and waste back to placenta
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What are the major differences with fetal circulation?
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1. Placenta
2. Bypass liver (Ductus venosus) 3. Bypass lungs (Ovale, Ductus arteriosis) |
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Changes after birth
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●Ductus venosus: ligamentum teres
● Foramen ovale: Fossa ovalis ● Ductus arteriosis: ligamentum arteriosum ●Umbilical veins and arteries deteriorate |
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Ductus venosus becomes
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Ligamentum teres
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Foramen ovale becomes
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Fossa ovalis
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Ductus arteriosis becomes
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ligamentum arteriosum
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Cardiac Cycle
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All events in one complete heartbeat
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Cardiac Cycle
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Atria contract
ventricles contract |
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Systole
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Contraction of ventricle
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Diastole
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Relaxation of ventricles
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Mid to late diastole
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Blood passively flows into ventricle from atria
Atria contracts AV valves open SL valves close |
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Ventricle systole
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1. Blood pressure builds in ventricle
2. Ventricle contracts pushing out blood 3. AV valves closed, SL valves open |
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Early diastole
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1. Ventricles start to relax, atria starts filling
2. atrial pressure increases, Ventricular pressure is low 3. AV valves open and cycle repeats |
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Cardiac Cycle
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Mid to late diastole
Ventricular systole Early diastole |
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Intrinsic conduction system
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●specialized tissue in cardiac muscle that is autorythmic
●self pacing can beat without nerve Input ●Pacemaker cells |
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Autorythmic
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self excitable
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Pacemaker cells
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cells that make up intrinsic conduction system of heart and can be modified by Nervous system
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How does the Intrinsic conduction system depolarize?
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in one direction, from atria to ventricles
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Localization of pace maker cells
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node Atrioventricular bundle Bundle of branches Purkinje fibers |
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Sinoatrial atrial node
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SA, pacemaker, localized in posterior right atrial wall (70bpm)
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Atrioventricular node
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AV, located in right atrial wall inferior to SA node (40-60BPM)
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Atrioventricular bundle
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bundle of His, Superior portion of interventricular septum
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Bundles of branches
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R. and L. bundle branch travel down the interventricular septum towards the apex
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Purkinje Fibers
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travel up the external wall of the ventricles and to the papillary muscle
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EKG
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electrocardiogram measure electrical impulse of the heart and can show problems within intrinsic conduction system
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