Hearing Science Unit 2

Front 1

What is 2 in scientific notation?

Back 1

2.00 X 10^0

Front 2

What is 987,654,321 in scientific notation?

Back 2

9.87 X 10^8

Front 3

What is 1.23 X 10^ -9 in long form?

Back 3

0.00000000123

Front 4

750 X 15,000,000,000,000 = ? in scientific notation

Back 4

(7.5 X10^2) X (1.5 X10^13) = 11.3 X 10^15

Front 5

How many grams is 1 lb.? (in scientific notation)

Back 5

4.55 X 10^2

Front 6

A ton= 2,000. How many kg is that?

Back 6

9.09 X 10^2

Front 7

Two cars pass on the turnpike, one 100 km/hr heading due east, the other at 90 km/hr heading due west. Observing the westbound car from the eastbound vehicle, the speed of the westbound car would appear to be what?

Back 7

190 km/hr

Front 8

What's the period of f = 750 Hz in ms?

Back 8

1.33ms

Front 9

What's the period of F = 1500 Hz in ms?

Back 9

0.67 ms

Front 10

What's the period of F = 3,000 Hz in ms?

Back 10

0.33ms

Front 11

What's the period of f = 6,000 Hz in ms?

Back 11

0.17ms

Front 12

What's the frequency if the period = 1.0ms?

Back 12

1000 Hz

Front 13

What's the frequency if the period = 0.05ms?

Back 13

20,000 Hz

Front 14

Scientific Notation

Back 14

Simplifies computations; converts among measures of different orders of magnitude; helps convert numbers to logarithms

Front 15

Numerical precision

Back 15

How many decimal places are in a number

Front 16

Exponent, with base of 10

Back 16

Indicates how many times to use the number in multiplication and indicates which direction to move the decimal

Front 17

Transformation

Back 17

Rendering of a number into another form, via a mathematical table of conversion or calculation

Front 18

Kilo- (k)

Back 18

10^3 or 1,000

Front 19

Deci- (d)

Back 19

10^ -1 or 0.1

Front 20

centi (c)

Back 20

10^ -2 or 0.01

Front 21

milli (m)

Back 21

10^ -3 or 0.001

Front 22

micro

Back 22

10^ -6 or 0.000001

Front 23

Decimal is moved to the left

Back 23

Exponent is positive and the number is 10 or greater

Front 24

Decimal is moved to the right

Back 24

Exponent is negative and the number is less than 1

Front 25

Vectors

Back 25

Measure of magnitude and direction; force and direction involved

Front 26

Scalars

Back 26

Measure of magnitude alone; can be added or subtracted directly

Front 27

Imaginary numbers

Back 27

Irreducible, cannot be rendered into a simpler form and smaller number

Front 28

Independent Variable

Back 28

along x-axis; the variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher; the presumed cause

Front 29

Dependent Variable

Back 29

Along y-axis; represents the output or effect, or is tested to see if it is the effect. The quantity under examination for its dependence on the independent variable

Front 30

Name of X-axis

Back 30

Abscissa

Front 31

Name of Y-axis

Back 31

Ordinate

Front 32

Audiogram

Back 32

Graph that shows absolute threshold for standardized frequencies as measured by audiometer. Y-axis is dB; x-axis is Hz

Front 33

Interpolation

Back 33

In graphical analysis, filling in the gaps of empirical data set. Constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points

Front 34

Extrapolation

Back 34

In graphical analysis, going beyond limits of empirical data set. Estimating, beyond original observation range, the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship w/ another value

Front 35

Ogive

Back 35

Pronounced (Oh-jyv). S-shaped curve created by data points; a continuous cumulative curve, related to the bell curve of probability

Front 36

Linear graph

Back 36

Data points give a straight line

Front 37

Nonlinear graph

Back 37

The data gives a nonlinear pattern; not a straight line; like a sinusoid

Front 38

Dimensions

Back 38

The minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Length, mass, time

Front 39

Derived Quantities

Back 39

Dimensions and units of measure derive from the basic physical dimensions/quantities length, mass, time

Front 40

2 Major Metric Subsystems

Back 40

MKS system - meter, kilogram, second

CGS system - centimeter, gram, second

Front 41

vectors

Back 41

multi-dimensional (2+) array of numbers involving amount of force and direction of force

Front 42

audiogram

Back 42

plots patient's hearing level (threshold) in dB on y-axis and frequency (plotted logarithmically) on the x-axis

Front 43

scalars

Back 43

variables that represent a given number. These quantities can be added or subtracted directly (assuming they are the same units of measure).

Front 44

stay at rest, ma, sum

Back 44

The principles of Newton's Laws of Motion include: any object at rest tends to ___________; F=___; Unequal forces will ________

Front 45

measurement

Back 45

____________________ involves assigning a number to a quantity representing its magnitude in a broadly accepted form.

Front 46

0.0345

Back 46

Which number has greater precision, 703 or .0345?

Front 47

6, 1, -1, -2, -3, -6

Back 47

1 megameter = 10^x meters? 1 decameter= 10^x m? 1 decimeter=10^x m? 1 centimeter= 10^x m? 1 millimeter = 10^x m?, 1 micrometer (µ)=10^x m?

Front 48

imaginary, negative real

Back 48

An ____________ number is a number that can be written as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i, which is defined by its property i^2 = −1. The square of an imaginary number bi is -b^2. For example, 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is −25. Except for 0 (which is both real and imaginary), imaginary numbers produce _________ _____ numbers when squared.

Front 49

real, imaginary

Back 49

The appearance of i (or j) in a number signals how it's parts (________ and ________) are properly combined. (result determined from vector analysis)

Front 50

independent, abscissa, dependent, ordinate

Back 50

In a conventional 2D graph, the _____________ variable is represented along the horizontal x-axis (__________) whereas the ____________ variable is represented along the vertical y-axis (____________).

Front 51

manipulated, independent

Back 51

The independent variable is the value that is ______________ by the analyst. The dependent variable is the quantity under examination for it's dependence on the ____________ variable.

Front 52

interpolation

Back 52

____________ is carried out by mathematically fitting a range of data with a theoretical underlying function (connecting the points on a graph)

Front 53

extrapolation

Back 53

_____________ has to do with the hypothetical extension beyond graphically represented data.

Front 54

ogive (s shape)

Back 54

The curvilinear ______________ represents the normal cumulative distribution (similar to bell curve)

Front 55

length, mass, time, derive

Back 55

The dimensions of all physical quantities encountered in simple mechanics and acoustics are _________, ________, and _________. These given quantities are used to determine or ___________ all other quantities.

Front 56

-3, -6

Back 56

1 ms=10^x s, 1µs=10^x s

Front 57

position, vector

Back 57

Displacement= change in ________ and it is a ________. It is a measurement of length.

Front 58

weight

Back 58

________ is a measure of the pull of gravity (which varies in the universe) on a particular mass.

Front 59

scalar

Back 59

Mass is a ________ quantity and is measured by comparing an unknown quantity to a standard measure (usually via a scale).

Front 60

velocity, vector

Back 60

_________ is defined as the time-rate change in displacement, incorporating both magnitude and direction. It is a _________ quantity. =(x-x0 )/(t-t0)

Front 61

acceleration, vector

Back 61

_______________ is the time-rate change of velocity (the fluctuations or instant-to-instant changes in velocity constitute this physical quantity). This is a __________ quantity.

Front 62

0

Back 62

When velocity is truly constant, acceleration = ____.

Front 63

vibratory, simple harmonic (SHM), (SHO) oscillator

Back 63

_________ motion causes all three metrics of movement to change constantly as an object retraces its trajectory time and again. The most basic form of vibratory motion is _________ __________ motion. When a simple spring-mass system produces this type of motion it is called a _____________.

Front 64

equilibrium

Back 64

A mass is at ___________ when it is resting (no motion).

Front 65

inertia

Back 65

__________ is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion (including a change in direction). Can also be thought of as the ability of an object to store kinetic energy.

Front 66

vector (for both)

Back 66

Force is a _________, since the product of a scalar (i.e. mass) & a vector (i.e. acceleration) is a ________.

Front 67

newton, dyne

Back 67

Because there are multiple dimensions involved in solving for force (i.e. ML/T^-2 which is units of kg-m/s^2), the unit of force is called a ___________ when using the MKS system, or a _________ when using the CGS system (g-cm/s^2).

Front 68

momentum, force

Back 68

___________ is the product of mass and velocity (m*v). _________, then, is the rate of change of this (F=Δ(mv)/Δt)

Front 69

restoring force

Back 69

a force developed in opposition to displacement

Front 70

Hooke's, -kx

Back 70

The relationship among restoring force, stiffness, and amount of deformation or displacement (such as change in length) is expressed by ________ law: F=_____.

Front 71

compliance

Back 71

______________ is the reciprocal of stiffness (1/k). Measured in m/N units (for MKS system).

Front 72

steady-state, frictional

Back 72

A constant force may be applied to maintain SHM (simple harmonic motion). However, after a certain amount of acceleration, a constant velocity (_______ ________ motion) will be achieved because the applied force will then be balanced by _________ force.

Front 73

velocity (for both)

Back 73

Friction limits _________. Therefore, the opposing force of friction is dependent on __________).

Front 74

coefficient

Back 74

The __________ of friction refers to the quantity representing the relationship between the surfaces in contact with one another (causing the friction).

Front 75

viscosity, damping

Back 75

Fluid friction (i.e. resistance felt while stirring a can of paint) is referred to as __________. This type of friction imparts __________ to vibratory systems.

Front 76

critical damping, oscillatory

Back 76

____________ _______________ occurs as frictional resistance is increased causing a mass to come to rest as quickly as possible (after the initial displacement and release) as in the case with hitting the shock absorbing brakes in an automobile). This type of system is considered non-________________.

Front 77

exponential decay

Back 77

The rate of decay of damped vibrations is stereotypical, an effect commonly called _________ __________.

Front 78

kinetic, potential, destroyed

Back 78

There are 2 types of energy: __________ and ____________. The basic law of energy is that energy can be transferred, but not _______.

Front 79

potential, kinetic

Back 79

A book resting on a table has _________ energy, while a object that is in motion has _________ energy.

Front 80

kinetic, potential, restoring force, momentum

Back 80

In the SHO (simple harmonic oscillator), interplay of ________ and __________ energy transpires as the mass of the system vibrates back and forth. It derives from the underlying interaction of the changing ________ __________ and ____________, respectively, as the mass moves back and forth, alternately compressing and extending the spring.

Front 81

newton, meter, joule, dyne, cm, erg

Back 81

The units of measure of work and energy are identical. In MKS, the unit of energy is defined as a force of 1 ________ acting through the distance of 1 ________. This is referred to as a ___________. In CGS, the unit of energy is defined as a force of 1 ________ acting through the distance of 1 ________. This is referred to as a _________.

Front 82

mechanical, heat, dissipation

Back 82

Friction also transforms energy from one kind of energy to another: ___________ to ___________. This is referred to as ____________.

Front 83

power, watts

Back 83

To reflect the temporal factor (in terms of energy transformation), another physical quantity is needed-________, defined as the rate at which work is done. This unit of measure for this quantity is ______.

Front 84

displacement, equilibrium

Back 84

Peak to Peak amplitude can be determined by adding the absolute values of ____________ +/- the point of ______________ (0).

Front 85

period

Back 85

The interval of time between crossings of the zero axis in the same direction.

Front 86

frequency

Back 86

_____________ = the number of periods (or cycles) completed per unit time.

Front 87

degrees, radians

Back 87

Phase is expressed in ________ or ___________.

Front 88

phasor

Back 88

A rotating vector (such as the hand of a clock) is called a ____________.

Front 89

x/r

Back 89

The instantaneous displacement of a phasor is found via this formula: sine of the phase of the phasor (θ)=__________.

Front 90

angular velocity (frequency)

Back 90

The rate at which the radius rotates (rate at which angle θ changes) is referred to as _________ ____________.

Front 91

phase difference

Back 91

For sinusoids, the relationship among displacement, velocity, and acceleration can be shown to be a matter of a constant _________ __________.

Front 92

velocity, displacement

Back 92

Acceleration leads ___________, which leads _____________.

Front 93

natural

Back 93

The _____________ response occurs when the nature of the starting force did not in any way impose the resulting vibratory motion (ex: just letting go of the spring in SHO).

Front 94

mass, stiffness, stiffness, mass

Back 94

The natural frequency is determined by the amounts of ________ and _________ in the system. The natural frequency is proportional to the square root of ______________ and inversely proportional to the square root of _________.

Front 95

doubles, is halved

Back 95

If stiffness increases by 4X, the natural frequency ____________. If mass is increased by 4X, the natural frequency ____________.

Front 96

acceleration, displacement, opposition, reactance

Back 96

Newton's law states that the opposition afforded by the mass in the system is proportional to _____________, whereas Hooke's law states that the restoring force is proportional to _____________. Therefore when acceleration & displacement are "out of phase" with the motion (velocity), then mass & stiffness inherently offer a certain amount of _________ to the motion imparted by the driving force. This type of damping (resistance) is different than that of friction. Instead it is referred to as _____________.

Front 97

resonant, natural

Back 97

The _________ frequency occurs at a frequency in which the mass and elastic reactance are equal and thereby cancel each other out. In lightly damped systems, this frequency is equal to the ________ frequency.

Front 98

frequency

Back 98

Mass reactance is determined not only by mass but also by the _______________ of the driving force.

Front 99

stiffness, mass

Back 99

At resonance, the resonant frequency is proportional to the square root of the ______________ and inversely proportional to the square root of ______.

Front 100

stiffness, resistance, mass, admittance

Back 100

The graphic representation of forced response shows that the system is _________-dominated at low frequencies, ____________-dominated (related to friction) near the resonant frequency, and ___________-dominated at high frequencies. The measure of response of the simple spring-mass system (in forced response) representing the response correlations (with these 3 aforementioned properties) is referred to as ___________ (inverse impedance).

Front 101

mass, elastic (stiffness)

Back 101

_______ reactance is referred to as positive reactance, while _________ reactance is referred to as negative reactance.

Front 102

lowers, raises

Back 102

In free vibration, increasing the mass __________ the natural frequency, and increasing the stiffness ___________ the natural frequency.

Front 103

stiffness, mass, force

Back 103

The response of a forced vibration system below the resonant frequency is said to be _________ dominated, and _________ dominated above the resonant frequency. Therefore, to obtain the same amplitude of response at frequencies above and below the resonant frequency, more _________ is required.

Front 104

reducing

Back 104

As resistance in the spring-mass system is increased, the contribution of reactance to the total opposition of the system is increasingly diluted, ____________ the frequency selectivity of the response of the system.

Front 105

phasors, impedance (Z), ohms

Back 105

Reactance and resistance can be added according to their vector-like qualities, namely as ___________ which produces the quantity referred to as ___________. This quantity, like resistance and reactance, is measured in ______.

Front 106

matched (equal)

Back 106

The impedances of the source and the load should be ______________ for the best transfer of power.

Front 107

admittance, forced response, siemens

Back 107

is the reciprocal of impedance and is the quanitity used to indicate the ______________ ____________ of the SHM. This quantity is measure in units called ___________.

Front 108

conductance, susceptance

Back 108

_______________ (the reciprocal of resistance) plus ______________ (the reciprocal of reactance) = admittance.

Front 109

immittance

Back 109

______________ refers to the category of audiological measurements that contains measures of impedance and admittance.

Front 110

admittance

Back 110

_________ measurement is used clinically to permit the assessment of the mobility of the eardrum and bones of the middle ear when completing the immittance test of tympanometry.

Front 111

distance (no displacement, no work).

Back 111

Mechanical work is considered to be done only when force acts through a _______________.

Front 112

sine, amplitude, frequency, phase

Back 112

Only one function (________________ ) and 3 parameters: _____________, _______________, & _____________ are needed to fully specify SHM.

Front 113

stiffness, mass, stiffness, mass

Back 113

The frequency of SHM is controlled by _________ and _______ such that the natural frequency is proportional to ________ but inversely proportional to _______.

Front 114

frequency, amplitude, motion

Back 114

Friction minimally affects _________, but decreases ____________, causing decay of __________ over time.

Front 115

reactance (X)

Back 115

opposition to vibratory motion due to stiffness and/or mass

Front 116

resistance (R)

Back 116

opposition to vibratory motion due to friction

Front 117

is not

Back 117

Resistance (is/is not) dependent on frequency.

Front 118

sinusoid

Back 118

simple harmonic motion is characterized by a mathematical function from trigonometry called the _________.

Front 119

Mass, Stiffness (elasticity)

Back 119

SHO, when it occurs, results from the interaction of two physical properties or quantities, namely ___________ and ______________.

Front 120

stiffness, mass (not friction)

Back 120

The generation of SHM in a mechanical system requires components of _________ and _________.

Front 121

phase

Back 121

Displacement, velocity, and acceleration each have a different ________.

Front 122

much less

Back 122

If we have a simple spring-mass system to which we add a lot of damping and then apply a vibrating force to drive it at any frequency we want, we will find that it is ______________ sensitive to frequency of the applied force.

Front 123

displacement, acceleration

Back 123

The opposition to forced vibration, called reactance, reflects the fact that _____________ and _____________ are out of phase with velocity.

Front 124

inertia

Back 124

_________ is the property by which an object at rest tends not to move without added force applied and an object in motion tends to stay in motion.

Front 125

restoring force

Back 125

An extended spring produces a _________ _________ proportional to how much it is extended.

Front 126

subtract (cancel)

Back 126

Equal but opposite forces _______.

Front 127

natural, mass, stiffness

Back 127

__________ frequency is the frequency that a particular mass and spring system "wants" to oscillate. It is related to the amount of _______ and _______ in the mass-spring system.

Front 128

out of phase

Back 128

Equal but opposite forces cause oscillatory motion only if they are applied _________.

Front 129

mass reactance

Back 129

If I apply force to an object it might move, but it doesn't "want" to. This is because of the object's _____________.

Front 130

constant force

Back 130

Because of resistance, if we want a mass to have constant velocity we must apply ____________.