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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incidence
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Frequency of occurrence.
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Prevalence
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Number of existing cases.
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Why is there variability in prevalence estimates?
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The way in which results were obtained:
Surveys, self reports, screenings, audiometric evals. etc The way in which we define and the criteria used for describing HL unilateral, bilateral, temporary, permanent, loss pregression, dB HL vs % speech scores, sensitivity the terms used: Pathology, impairment, disability, handicap |
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What is the difference btwn pathology, impairment, disability and handicap?
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Pathology - disorder
Impairment - abnormal or reduced function Disability - limitation of abilities Handicap - adverse impact due to disability |
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What percentage of people have a hearing impairment in the United States? (how many people is this)
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17% about 36 million people.
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Who is more likely to experience HL (men or women)?
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Men.
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What is the relationship btwn HL and age?
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Percentage of HL in the populations increases as age increases.
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Are deaf children always born to deaf parents?
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No. 90% of children who are born deaf are born to hearing parents.
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Approximately 15%, or 26 million Americans, btwn 20-69 years have hearing loss due to what?
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Exposure to loud sounds or noise at work or leisure activities.
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What is audiology?
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As a science discipline, it is the study of hearing and balance and hearing disorders.
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What is an audiologist?
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Individuals who provide comprehensive diagnostic and rehabilitative services for all areas of auditory, vestibular, and related disorers.
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What are audiology specialties?
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Medical, (re)habilitation, pediatric, geriatric, educational, industrial, management and admin, teaching, forensic, research
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What are some audiology service models?
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Hospital affiliated, clinic affiliated, physician affiliated, hearing aid dispensing offices, indepentdent practices, schools, industry, military, colleges/universities
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The peripheral auditory system consists of the following:
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Outer ear
Middle ear Inner ear Auditory nerve |
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What is the function of the outer ear?
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To capture, funnel or direct sounds toward eardrum. Amplify mid-frequencies.
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What is the function of the middle ear?
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Protection
Impedance matching |
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What is the function of the inner ear?
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Frequency and intensity analysis
Transduction |
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What is the function of the auditory nerve?
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Transmission of neural impulses to central auditory system.
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What types of energy are transduced in the auditory system?
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Acoustic
Mechanical Hydraulic Electrochemical |
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What is cerumen?
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Ear wax.
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What color is a healthy ear drum?
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Opaque coloring.
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What is the middle ear filled with?
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Air.
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What is the job of the eustachian tube?
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To equalize pressure, and drain fluid.
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What are the ossicles?
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Three smallest bones in the body. Malleus, incus and stapes. Help transmit sound to the inner ear.
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Where is the organ of corti found?
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On top of the basilar membrane, within the cochlear duct.
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What are the types of hair cells and how many of each?
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Inner
1 row of 3500ish Outer 3-4 rows 12000-20000 |
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How are the hair cells stimulated?
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Oval window is displaced pushing perilymph within the scala vestibuli. Reissner's membrane displaced which agitates the endolymph within the cochlear duct. Tectorial membrane is moved up and down. Cilia of hair cells are bent/displaced.
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What is included in the Central Auditory System?
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Ascending/afferent pathways.
Auditory cortex - temporal lobe Descending/efferent pathways. |
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What is the function of the vestibular system?
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Helps regulate the orientation of the body in space.
Helps the motor system control posture, balance and equilibrium. |
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What does the peripheral vestibular system include?
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Originate in the inner ear.
Consist of 5 sensory organs; semicircular canals utricle saccule (housed in the membranous labyrinth which is filled with endolymph) |
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What are the divisions of the semicircular canals?
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Superior
Lateral Posterior |
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Where is the central vestibular system?
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Begins at the brainstem and bifucates.
Extends as far rostral as the cerebral cortex, and as far caudal as the spinal cord. |
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What is the embryo?
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The baby during the first 8 weeks of gestation.
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By about 4 days where is the blastocyst?
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In the uterus.
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What are the three germ cell layers?
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Ectoderm
Mesoderm Endoderm |
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The top of the neural tube will become the _____.
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Brain.
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The branchial arches will become ________.
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The structures of the face, throat and the inner ear.
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The widening of the semicircular canals known as the _____________ this is where the ____ _________ is found.
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Ampula, crista ampularis
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Both the saccule and the utricle have _______ which contain hair cells embedded in a gelatinous material covered with ______ or calcium carbonate crystals.
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maculae, otoconia
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In terms of the auditory system the ectoderm will become what?
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The outer ear, lateral layer of the TM, membranous labyrinth, organ of corti.
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In terms of the auditory system the mesoderm will become what?
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The ossicles, temporal bone, fibrous layer of the TM
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In terms of the auditory system the endoderm will become what?
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Middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, medial layer of the TM
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The inner ear starts to develop at how many weeks? When is it fully developed?
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3 weeks it starts and maturation is at 20 weeks.
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Vestibular-cochlear division is at how many weeks?
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4 weeks.
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Utricle and Saccule are present and the semicircular canals begin to develop at ____?
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6 weeks.
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One cochlear coil present?
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7th week.
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2.5 cochlear coils present, nerve attaches to cochlear duct at ___?
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11th week.
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Sensory cells in the cochlea at _____ sensory cells in the semicircular canals at _____.
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12th week, 8th week.
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What develops first auditory or vestibular portion of the middle ear?
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Vestibular portion.
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The middle ear begins to develop at ____ and continues until the _____.
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3 weeks, 37th week.
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Incus and malleus present in cartilage at ___.
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8 weeks.
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Three tissue layers of the TM present at?
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9 weeks
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Stapes present in cartilaginous form at _____ begins to ossify at ____ and is completely developed in _____.
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15th week, 18th week and into adulthood.
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Ossification of the incus and malleus is at ______ they are completely developed at ______.
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16th week, 32nd week.
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Mastoid air cells develop in the middle ear at the _____.
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34th week.
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The external ear starts to develop at _____ and is complete at _______.
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4th week, auricle is adult shaped by 20th week (but continues to grow until age 9) and EAC continues to mature until age 7
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Auricles move dorsolaterally at ____?
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7th week.
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What are the degrees of hearing loss?
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Minimal 16-25 dB
Mild 26-40 dB Moderate 41-55 dB Moderate-Severe 56-70 dB Severe 71-90 dB Profound >91 dB |
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What are the types of hearing impairment?
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Conductive
Sensorineural Mixed Central Functional |
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What is involved with Conductive hearing loss?
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Problem in the outer and/or middle ear
Loss of sound conduction to the inner ear (cochlea) Temporary or permanent, many times is treatable |
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What is involved with Sensorineural HL?
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Problem in the inner ear and/or auditory nerve
More loss in high freq than low Affects ability to understand Usually permanent |
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Central HL?
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Problem at the brainstem and cortical levels.
Clarity and understanding issues Hearing sensitivity within normal limits |
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What is pseudohypacusis?
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Functional issue
Apparent hearing loss without organic cause. |
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What are the parts of the audiologic evaluation?
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Case history
Visual and otoscopic examination Pure tone audiometry Speech audiometry Immittance audiometry |
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What is included in the Audiological Test battery?
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Pure tone test
Speech Recognition Test Word Recognition test Tympanometry Acoustic Reflex Test |
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What are otoacustic emissions?
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Tests cochlear outer hair cell function/integrity.
All babies are screened using this. |
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What do Auditory Evoked Potentials test?
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Tests function of the aud system from the outer ear up to the cortical areas.
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What is done in a Balance Assessment?
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Differentiation btwn "dizziness" and vertigo, and inner ear problems and other sites
The pattern of the nystagmus helps to determine the origin of the problem (ENG, VNG video eye mvts) |
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The following are examples of _____:
Tinnitus Evaluation Hearing Conservation Hearing Aid Evaluation & fitting Cochlear implant assessment & mapping |
Audiologic assessment procedures
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What are the keys to success for Aural (re)habilitation?
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Knowledge about hearing loss & hearing help
Support of family, friends & coworkers Speech reading, auditory/training, communication & self-help strategies Appropriate use of technologies |
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Aural agenesis vs Aural dysgenesis.
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Aural agenesis is the total failure to develop,
Aural dysgenesis is partial failure to develop. |
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Anotia is ____
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An absent pinna/auricle.
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Microtia is_____
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abnormally small pinna/auricle
-usually unilateral -more on the right side -more in males -can range from mild to severe |
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Macrotia is ______
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abnormally large pinna/auricle
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List some anomolies of the auricle
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constricted ear - hooding
lop ear - top folded down and forward cupped ear Stahl's ear - spock Macrotia microtia |
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What is stenosis?
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Narrowing of the external ear canal.
-may be acquired or congenital |
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What is aural atresia?
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Complete closure of the external auditory meatus and/or absence of the EAC.
-usually occurs with sever microtia -usually unilateral -more in males -often associated with ME abnormalities |
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Congentital outer ear (and other craniofacial) anomalies are often associated with what?
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Branchial Arch Syndromes.
i.e. Treacher Collins |
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What is typical of someone with Treacher Collins?
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-autosomal dominant
-flattened nasofrontal angle -hypoplastic maxilla +/- mandible -microtia -ME anomalies (conductive ) HL -sensorineural HL occasional |
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What are two types of cosmesis?
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Prosthesis - fastened with bone anchored mounts
Pinnaplasty (otoplasty) - utilizing local soft tissue, cartilage, or synthetic implants |
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What are some hearing restoration procedures?
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Meatoplasty - repair of ear canal
Tympanoplasty - repair of the eardrum Ossiculoplasty - repair of the ossicular chain |
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What are the four types of acquired disorders of the outer ear we covered in class?
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Trauma
Otitis externa Obstruction Growths in the ear canal |
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What is hematoma auris?
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Classic boxer's injury, usually from blunt trauma to the ear. Blood blot that occurs btwn the pinna cartilage and its overlying perichondrium. "Cauliflower Ear"
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What are frequent causes of ear canal trauma?
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Penetrating wounds
self-trauma earcleaning |
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What is the most common condition that affects the ear canal?
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Otitis Externa
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Causes of otitis externa can be?
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Acute
Chronic Diffuse Localized |
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What is an example of Acute Diffuse Otitis Externa?
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Allergic reaction to a "in the ear" style hearing aid shell material
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial infection |
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What is an example of acute localized Otitis Externa?
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Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection
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What is an example of Chronic Otitis Externa?
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Seborrheic dermatitis
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What is otorrhea?
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discharge
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What is edema?
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swelling
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What is otalgia?
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pain
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What is pruritus?
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itching
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