Healthcare Ethics Test 1

Front 1

Paternalism

Back 1

The belief that one should, on the basis of doing good for the patient, limit to patients' personal autonomy. In the best sense, it is a conflict between the basic principles of autonomy and beneficence.

Front 2

Autonomy

Back 2

Personal self determination semi colon the right of patients to participate in and decide questions involving their care.

Front 3

morality

Back 3

The doctrine of moral duties semicolon quality of an action in regard to right and wrong

Front 4

Applied ethics

Back 4

The application of general ethical principles as it relates to a specific issue or area

Front 5

Distributive justice

Back 5

refers to just distribution in society, structured various moral, legal, and cultural rules and principles

Front 6

Utilitarianism

Back 6

The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of moral conduct semicolon each offering of the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Front 7

Beneficence

Back 7

The principle that imposes on the practitioner a duty to seek the good for patients under all circumstances

Front 8

Nonmaleficence

Back 8

The principle that imposes the duty to avoid or refrain from harming the patient. the practitioner who cannot bring about good for the patient is bound by duty to at least avoid harm

Front 9

Justice

Back 9

The basic principle that deals with fairness, just desserts, and entitlements in the distribution of goods and services

Front 10

Veracity

Back 10

Truth telling. The practice of health care is best served in a relationship of trust which is the practitioner and patient are bound to the truth

Front 11

Authentic decision

Back 11

A decision in keeping with the individual's past choices and known preferences

Front 12

Ethics

Back 12

Critical reflections about morality and rational analysis of it. In some sense, ethics is a generic term for the study of how we make judgments regarding right and wrong

Front 13

Relativism

Back 13

The doctrine that truth is not an absolute but is relative to the individual or group that holds the belief

Front 14

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development ?

Back 14

1. Sensoryimotor - birth to 12 months
2. Preoperational - age 2 to 7
3. Concrete operational - age 7 to 11
4. Formal operations - age 11 to 15

Front 15

What are Piaget's stages of moral development?

Back 15

1. Amoral - totally self centered with no morals
2. Egocentric - emphasis on fun rather than rules
3. Heteronomous - morality of constraint, right and wrong are absolutes
4. Autonomous - child actively imagines scenarios which require rules and begin to engage in rulemaking

Front 16

What are Kohlberg's stages of value development ?

Back 16

1. Preconventional level - rules are obeyed to avoid punishment, rules are obeyed for rewards, ruled are obeyed for personal satisfaction versus that of others, and child has no understanding of right and wrong
2. Conventional level - concern about reactions of authority figures is basis for decisions and behavior, conformity to family, group, or nation, conformity to laws and rules because of respect for duty and to avoid censure , and focus is on social order and respect for authority.
3. Post conventional level - stage of moral autonomy in personal conscience, moral decisions derived from principles that support individual rights and transcend of rules such as equality, liberty, and justice, and internalized rules in conscience reflecting abstract principles of human dignity, mutual respect, and trust God decisions and behaviors

Front 17

What are Gilligan's phases of psychological development for women?

Back 17

1. Concern for survival - focus on what is best or the self and dependent on others
2. Focusing on goodness - focus on self sacrifice and sense of responsibility for others so that no one is regarded positively
3. imperative of care - focus on responsibility to self and others as moral equals with an imperative to do no harm

Front 18

Normative ethics

Back 18

Branch of moral philosophy concerned with what is morally right and wrong

Front 19

What are the three main categories of normative ethics?

Back 19

1. Teleological theories
2. Deontological theories
3. virtue theories

Front 20

consequentialism

Back 20

Moral theory that assesses actions, policies, and institutions by the value of their consequences, holds that whether an action is morally right depends only on the consequences of that act. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism

Front 21

Ethical egoism

Back 21

Action is morally right if consequences are better for the person performing the action

Front 22

Ethical altruism

Back 22

Action is morally right if consequences are more favorable to everyone except the person performing the action

Front 23

Who is Jeremy Bentham?

Back 23

He is considered to be the father of utilitarianism. Humans seek to maximize their happiness and all human actions arise from hedonism.