Health Test 3

Front 1

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Back 1

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Front 2

Ideal Cardiovascular Health (ICH)

Back 2

Absence of clinical indicators of CVD, presence of certain behavioral and health factor metrics

Front 3

Cardiovascular system

Back 3

Organ system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body

Front 4

Atria

Back 4

Heart's 2 upper chambers, receives blood

Front 5

Ventricles

Back 5

Heart's 2 lower chambers, pumps blood through the vessels

Front 6

Arteries

Back 6

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body

Front 7

Aterioles

Back 7

Branches of the arteries

Front 8

Capillaries

Back 8

Minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules with thin walls with exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells

Front 9

Veins

Back 9

Vessels that transport waste and carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body

Front 10

Venules

Back 10

Branches of the veins

Front 11

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Back 11

Cluster of electric pulse-generating cells that serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart

Front 12

Sudden cardiac death

Back 12

Death that occurs as a result of abrupt profound loss of heart function

Front 13

Hypertension

Back 13

Sustained elevated blood pressure

Front 14

Systolic blood pressure

Back 14

Upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure

Indicates pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts

Front 15

Diastolic blood pressure

Back 15

Lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure

Indicates pressure on the walls of the arteries during relaxation

Front 16

Prehypertensive

Back 16

Blood pressure is above normal but not yet in the hypertensive range

Front 17

Atherosclerosis

Back 17

Condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances on the inner lining of the artery

Front 18

Plaque

Back 18

Buildup of deposits in the arteries

Front 19

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Back 19

Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerotic plaque buildup

Front 20

Ischemia

Back 20

Reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ

Front 21

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Back 21

Atherosclerosis occurring in the feet, calves, or legs or arms

Front 22

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Back 22

Narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart

Front 23

Myocardial Infarction (MI) / Heart Attack

Back 23

Blockage or normal blood supply to an area in the heart

Front 24

Coronary Thrombosis

Back 24

A blood clot occurring in a coronary artery

Front 25

Thrombus

Back 25

A blood clot attached to the blood vessel's wall

Front 26

Embolus

Back 26

Blood clot that becomes dislodged from a blood vessel wall and moves through the circulatory system

Front 27

Collateral circulation

Back 27

Adaptation of the heart to partial damage by rerouting needed blood through unused or underused blood vessels while the damaged heart muscle heals

Front 28

Stroke/cerebrovascular accident

Back 28

Occurs when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply

Front 29

Aneurysm

Back 29

Weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and burst

Front 30

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Back 30

Brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that causes only temporary impairment, indicator of impending stroke

Front 31

Angina pectoris

Back 31

Chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart

Front 32

Arrythmia

Back 32

Irregularity in heartbeat

Front 33

Fibrillation

Back 33

Sporadic pattern of heartbeat resulting in inefficiency in moving blood through the system

Front 34

(Congestive) Heart Failure

Back 34

Abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow

Front 35

Cardiomyopathy

Back 35

Damage to heart muscle due to enlargement, atrophy, or rigidity that results in decreased heart function

Front 36

Congenital Cardiovascular Defect

Back 36

Cardiovascular problem present at birth

Front 37

Rheumatic heart disease

Back 37

A heart disease caused by untreated streptococcal infection of the throat

Front 38

Cardiometabolic Risks

Back 38

Physical and biochemical changes that are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Front 39

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)

Back 39

Group of metabolic diseases occurring together to increase risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

Front 40

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Back 40

Compounds that facilitate transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body's cells and cause the cholesterol to build up in artery walls

Front 41

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

Back 41

Compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolism and elimination from the body

Front 42

Triglycerides

Back 42

Most common form of lipid in the body, excess calories are converted into triglycerides and stored as body fat

Front 43

Plant sterols

Back 43

Essential components of plant membranes that appear to help lower cholesterol levels

Front 44

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Back 44

Record of the electrical activity of the heart, may be measured during a stress test

Front 45

Angiography

Back 45

Technique for examining blockage in arteries or veins supplying the heart, lungs, head and neck, or limbs, using a small camera on a catheter and dye passed through key vessels

Front 46

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 46

Precise diagnostic technique to identify heart damage, defects, and evaluation of blood vessel problems through use of powerful magnetic, radiation free imaging

Front 47

Ultrafast Computed Tornography (CT)

Back 47

New, fast form of heart x-ray used to evaluate bypass grafts, diagnose levels of calcium in heart vessels or plaque formation and heart attack risk

Front 48

Coronary bypass surgery

Back 48

Blood vessel is taken from another part of the body is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery

Front 49

Angioplasty

Back 49

Catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a clogged artery, balloon is inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls, stent is inserted to keep the artery open

Front 50

Stent

Back 50

Mesh-like tube inserted to prop open the artery

Front 51

Thrombolysis

Back 51

Injection of agent to dissolve clots and restore blood flow

Front 52

T/F More women than men die from heart disease and stroke

Back 52

True

Front 53

Cardiovascular Disease facts

Back 53

Under 40 - 9-15% have some form of CVD

40+ 40% have some form of CVD

CVD is America's biggest killer

Can begin in childhood

Front 54

CVD Risk factors (uncontrollable)

Back 54

Heredity

Age (older than 65)

Gender (men are at greater risk until age 60, women are at greater risk after menopause)

Race (African americans have highest risk)

Front 55

Why high blood pressure is called the silent killer

Back 55

Can be undetected unless monitored priodically

Affects 1 out of 3 people, cause is unknown

3x more likely to develop coronary artery disease, 4x more likely to have a stroke

Front 56

Normal blood pressure readings

Back 56

120/80

Front 57

How to increase HDL/Lower LDL

Back 57

increase: continuous aerobic exercise

lower: dietary modifications, certain medication

Front 58

Physical activity stats

Back 58

30-40% risk reduction for CVD

Front 59

Biggest risk factor for sudden cardiac death

Back 59

Smoking

Front 60

Nicotine's effect on the body

Back 60

Causes vasoconstriction

Increases blood pressure and heart rate

Front 61

Obesity's effect on the body

Back 61

Increase strain on heart

Contribute to high blood pressure and high cholesterol

Lead to type 3 diabetes

Limit activity

Front 62

Other CVD Risk factors

Back 62

Stress

Hostility/anger

Alcohol

Front 63

Stroke stats

Back 63

5th leading cause of death in the US

1 in 20 deaths

Front 64

Stroke warning signs

Back 64

Numbness or weakness on one side of the body

Confusion, trouble speaking

Trouble seeing

Trouble walking, dizziness

Sudden severe headaches

Front 65

Stroke treatment

Back 65

Clot reducing medicines

Surgical procedures to repair damaged blood vessel

Front 66

Stroke recurrance

Back 66

1 of 4 stroke survivors has another stroke within 5 years

Front 67

Metastasize

Back 67

Process by which cancer spreads from one area to a different area

Front 68

Neoplasm

Back 68

New growth of tissue that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development and serves no physiological function

Front 69

Tumor

Back 69

Neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue

Front 70

Biopsy

Back 70

Removal and examination of a tissue sample to determine if cancer is present

Front 71

Carcinogens

Back 71

Cancer causing agents

Front 72

Oncogenes

Back 72

Suspected cancer causing genes present on chromosomes

Front 73

Malignant melanoma

Back 73

Virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment producing cells) of the skin

Front 74

Pap test

Back 74

Procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal cellular activity

Front 75

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Back 75

Uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal body tissues without radiation

Front 76

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan

Back 76

Scan by a machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not normally visible in x-rays

Front 77

Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Gamma Knife Surgery

Back 77

Type of radiation therapy that can be used to zap tumors

Front 78

Radiotherapy

Back 78

Use of radiation to kill cancerous cells

Front 79

Chemotherapy

Back 79

Use of drugs to kill cancerous cells

Front 80

Cancer facts

Back 80

Cancer mortality rates are declining slowly

Men have a greater risk than women for cancer

Front 81

Types of cancers

Back 81

Sarcomas - bone, cartilage, muscle

Lymphomas - lymphatic tissue

Carcinomas - epithelial tissue

Leukemias - blood or bone marrow

Front 82

Apoptosis

Back 82

Cell organized cell death

Front 83

How cancer cells get the nutrients to sustain limitless growth

Back 83

Connecting to the circulatory system

Front 84

What percent of cancers are hereditary

Back 84

5%

Front 85

Stages of cancer

Back 85

0 - abnormal cells remain only in the place they originated

I-IV - High numbers means larger tumor size/spread of cancer

+ - cancer has spread to other organs

Front 86

Cause of DNA mutations

Back 86

Viruses - Chronic Hepatitis B, C, and liver cancer, HPV

Environment - Asbestos, Nickel, chemicals, radiation

Lifestyle - Tobacco, alcohol, nutrition, stress, sedentary behavior

Heredity - Can't be modified

Front 87

Number 1 cause of cancer death for men and women

Back 87

Lung Cancer

Symptoms - cough, bloody sputum, chest pain

Front 88

Most common cancer in women

Back 88

Breast cancer

Easily treatable if caught early

Symptoms - lump, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, tenderness

Exercise reduces risk

Front 89

Colon/Rectal Cancers

Back 89

3rd most common in incidence and mortality

Treatable if caught early

Symptoms - rectal bleeding, bloody stool

Exercise, plant diet, calcium reduces risk

Front 90

One of the most curable cancers

Back 90

Testicular cancer

Front 91

Lymphoma

Back 91

One of the fastest growing cancers

Cause is unknown, weakened immune system suspected

Front 92

Malignant melanoma

Back 92

Deadliest form of skin cancer

Front 93

ABCD rule

Back 93

To detect melanoma:

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color

Diameter

Front 94

Sexual Violence

Back 94

Any unwanted sexual attention, contact, or activity without consent

Front 95

Sexual violence stats

Back 95

20-25% of women are victims of rape during college

50% of women knew someone who has been raped

90% of sexual violence is committed by someone they know in the privacy of a residence

Front 96

How to be an active bystander

Back 96

Stand, Speak, Act

Notice the event

Interpret the incident as a problem

Assume personal responsibility

Attempt to Help

Front 97

4 D's

Back 97

Direct

Distract

Delegate

Delay

Front 98

Violence

Back 98

Aggressive behaviors that can produce injuries and result in death

Front 99

Intentional Injuries

Back 99

Injury, death, or psychological harm inflicted with the intent to harm

Front 100

Unintentional Injuries

Back 100

Injury, death, or psychological harm caused without premeditation

Front 101

Primary Aggression

Back 101

Goal directed, hostile self assertion that is destructive in nature

Front 102

Reactive Aggression

Back 102

Hostile emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences

Front 103

Interpersonal Violence

Back 103

Violence inflicted against one individual by another or by a small group of others

Front 104

Hate crime

Back 104

Crime targeted against a particular societal group and motivated by bias against the group

Front 105

Ethnoviolence

Back 105

Violence directed at persons affiliated with a particular ethnic group

Front 106

Prejudice

Back 106

A negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is based on wrong ideas about the group

Front 107

Discrimination

Back 107

Actions that deny equal treatment to a group often based on prejudices

Front 108

Domestic Violence

Back 108

Use of force to control another person in the home environment

Front 109

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

Back 109

Physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse

Front 110

Child maltreatment

Back 110

Any act of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child

Front 111

Child abuse

Back 111

Deliberate intentional words or actions that cause harm, or threat of harm to a child

Front 112

Neglect

Back 112

Failure to provide a child's basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care

Front 113

Sexual assault

Back 113

Any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another without that person's consent

Front 114

Rape

Back 114

Sexual penetration without the victim's consent

Front 115

Aggravated rape

Back 115

Rape that involved one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons, or physical beatings

Front 116

Simple rape

Back 116

Rape by one person, usually known to the victim, that does not involve physical beating or weapons

Front 117

Sexual harrassment

Back 117

Form of unwanted sexual attention related to any condition of employment, education, or performance evaluation

Front 118

Stalking

Back 118

Willful, repeated, and malicious following, harassing, or threatening of another person

Front 119

Collective violence

Back 119

Violence perpetrated by groups against other groups

Front 120

Terrorism

Back 120

Unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, population

Front 121

The number that measures the pressure on the artery walls when the heart contracts is known as _______

Back 121

systolic pressure

Front 122

A device that is surgically implanted to stimulate or regulate the contractions of the heart muscle is a __________.

Back 122

pacemaker

Front 123

The condition in which the inner lining of the arterial walls thicken because of the buildup of fatty deposits, which can eventually block blood flow, is called __________.

Back 123

atherosclerosis

Front 124

An abnormally rapid heart rate is known as __________, an abnormally slow heart rate is known as __________

Back 124

tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow)

Front 125

A heart that beats in a quivering, sporadic manner is said to be experiencing __________.

Back 125

fibrillation

Front 126

T/F? Unresolved streptococcal infection of the throat can lead to rheumatic heart disease.

Back 126

True

Front 127

The term for genes suspected to be cancer-causing is __________.

Back 127

oncogenes

Front 128

The process of malignant cancer cells spreading from one area of the body to another is __________.

Back 128

metastasis

Front 129

Hodgkin’s disease is a type of cancer classified as a __________.

Back 129

lymphoma

Front 130

The two most commonly diagnosed cancers among males in the United States today are __________.

Back 130

Skin cancer, prostate cancer

Front 131

An abnormal new growth of tissue

Back 131

Neoplasm

Front 132

A neoplasmic mass that grows faster than surrounding tissue

Back 132

tumor

Front 133

the removal and examination of a tissue sample to determine if cancer is present

Back 133

biopsy

Front 134

T/F? A numerical system with five stages is used to classify how far cancer has advanced within the body.

Back 134

True

Front 135

T/F? Alcohol use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.

Back 135

False

Front 136

T/F? Cancers of the bone and connective tissues are known as carcinomas.

Back 136

False

Front 137

Aggressive behaviors that result in the injury or death of victims constitute __________.

Back 137

Violence

Front 138

Unlawful force or violence used against people or property to advance political or social objectives is __________.

Back 138

Terrorism

Front 139

Some victims of elder abuse are unaware of the abuse or of the need to ask for help because of __________.

Back 139

Dementia

Front 140

How many men in the United States have been victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) at some time in their lives?

Back 140

1 in 10

Front 141

failure to provide a child's basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care

Back 141

child neglect

Front 142

deliberate, intentional words or actions that cause harm or threat of harm to a child

Back 142

child abuse

Front 143

acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that result in harm or threat of harm to a child

Back 143

child maltreatment

Front 144

What percentage of cancer deaths are caused by tobacco use?

Back 144

30%