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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sexual identity
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recognition of oneself as a sexual being, a composition of biological sex charactoristics, gender identity, gender roles adn sexual orientation
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intersexuality
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not exhibiting exclusivley male or female primary and secondary sex char.
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gonads
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the reproductive organs in a male or female (testes or ovaries)
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puberty
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the period of sexual maturation
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secondary sexual char.
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char associated with gener but not related to reproduction ex vocal pitch, body hair etc
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gender
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psychological condition of being feminine or masculine as defined by society
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five circles of sexuality
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sensuality
intimacy sexual identity sexual health and reproduction sexualization |
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XX, XY
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female, male
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intersexuality
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1/100 live births
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when does development of gonads begin in a fetus
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8th week of fetal life
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sex hormones in females
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estrogen and progesterone
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sex hormone in male
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testosterone which is converted from androgens, hormones secreted by adrenal glands. no testosterone released, female gonads develop
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socialization
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how we learn gender
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gender roles
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expression of maleness or femaleness in every day life
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gender identity
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personal sene or awareness of being masculine or feminine, male or female
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transgendered
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when ones gender does not match biological sex
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gender-role stereotypes
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generalizations concerning how males and females should express themselves and the charactoristics each possess
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Androgyny
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high levels of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person
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transsexuality
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aslo known as gender dysphoria, condition where person is psychologically of one sex but physically of the other
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sexual orientation
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a persons enduring emotional romantic sexual or affectionate attraction to other persons
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heterosexual
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primary attraction to and preference ffor sexual activity with people of the other sex
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homosexual
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primary attraction to people of same sex
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bisexual
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attraction to people of both sexes
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gay
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sexual orientaiton to people of the same sex, usually applies to men
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lesbian
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sexual orientation involving attraction of women to other women
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homophobia
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irrational hatred or fear of homosexuals
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homophobia responsible for how many hate crimes
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over 15 %
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multifactoral model
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sexual orientation is understood, incorporates biological psycholigcal adn socioenvironmental factors.
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external female genitals
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mons pubid, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal opeingins and vestibule of vagina and its glands
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vulva
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region that encloses the females external genitalia
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mons pubis
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fatty tissue covering the pubic bone in females, in physically mature women, hte mons is covered with coarse hair
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labia minora
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inner lips or folds of tissue just inside labia majora
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labia majora
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outler lips or folds of tissue covering female sex organs
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clitoris
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pea sized nodule of tissue located at teh top of the labia minora, cnetral to sexual arousal in women
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utethral opening
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opening through which ureine is expelled
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hymen
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thin tissue covering vaginal opening in some women
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perineum
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tissue that forms the floor of the pelvic region it covers a kite shaped region including hte exteral genitalia and anus
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internal female glands
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vagina, uterus, uterine falliopian tubes and ovaries
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vagina
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the passage in females leading from vulva to the uterus
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uterus (womb)
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hollow, pear shaped muscular organ whose function is to contain the developing fetus
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endometrium
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soft spongy matter that makes up the uterine lining where hormones prepare urertus for implantation or start menstrual cycle
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cervix
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lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina
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ovaries
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almond sized organs that house developing eggs adn produce hormones
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uterine (fallopian) tubes
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tubes that extend from near the ovaries to the uterus
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pituitary glands
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endocrine gland located deep within the brain; controls reproductive functions
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first sign of puberty
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breast development which occurs around age 11
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hypothalamus
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area of brain located near the pituitary gland; works with it to control reproductive functions
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gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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hormone taht signals the pituitary glands to release gonadotrophins
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follicle stimulation hormone (FSH)
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hormone that signals the ovaries to prepare to release eggs and begin producing estrogens
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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hormone taht signals the ovaries to release an egg and to begin producing progesterone
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what signals the ovaries to start prodcuing estrogen and progesterone
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2 gonadotrophins, FSH, and LH
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estrogens
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hormones secreted by overies; control menstrual cycle
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progesterone
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hormone secreted by ovaries helps keep endometrium developing in order to nourish a fertilizing egg also helps maintain pregnancy
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menarche
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the first menstrual period
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onset of menstrual cycle
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age range is 9 to 17, average 11.5 to 13.5. body fat heavily influences onset of puberty,thin girls tend to start later
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average menstrual cycle lasts how many days
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28 days
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Proliferative phase
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first phase of menstrual cycle; begins with end of menstruation
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ovarian follicles (egg sacs)
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areas within the ovary in which individual eggs develop
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graafian follicle
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mature ovarian follicle that countains a fuly developed ovum or egg
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ovulation
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the point of mentrual cycle at which mature egg ruptures through ovarian wall
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how twins happen
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2 ova mature and are released during ovulation becomes fraternal. identical, one one ovum divides
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secretory phase
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2nd stage of menstrual cycle in which endometrium continues to prepare for fertilized egg *thickens
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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hormone that calls for increase levels of estrogen and progesterone sextrion if fertalization has taken place- signals not to start menstual cycle
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If no implantation occurs
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hypothalamys signals to stop FSH and LH and corpus luteum begins to decompose. leads to decline in estrogen and progesterone
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menstrual phase
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final phase of menstrual cycle in which endometrium sloughs off and estrogen and progesterone levels decline in response to no fertilization taking place
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premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
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comprises mood changes and physical symptoms taht occur in some women during 1 to 2 weeks before menstuation
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percent of wwomen that have negative symptoms assosiated with menstual cycle
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80%
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percent that have symptoms simular to pms but more severe
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3-5%
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
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collective name for a group of neg symptoms simlar to but more sever then PMS including severe mood distrubances
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perent of people who seek medical attention for PMDD who are actually diagnosed
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25
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natural approaches to help manage PMS and PMDD
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1) eating more carbohydrates
2) reduce caffeine and salt intake 3)excersise 4) take measures to reduce stress |
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antidepressants to treat PMS and PMDD
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such as SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) prozac and zoloft help. 60 percent of women with PMDD respond to SSRI's.
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Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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potentially life threatening disease that occurs when specific bacterial toxins are allowed to multiply unchecked in wounds or through improper use of tampons or diaphragms. symptoms include high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziniess, fainting or rash during ones period
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FDA regulations on tampons
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since 1980s mandated that tampons coduct a battery of tests for safety clearance against TSS
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Dysmenorrhea (primary secondary)
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condition taht causes pain or discomfort in lower abdomen just before or after menstuation.
Primary begins one to two years after 1st period secondary caused by specific disease or disorder and appears years after menstruation begins |
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Menopause
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the permananet cessation of mensturation, generally between ages of 40 and 60, 51 on average
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menopause symptoms
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decreased vaginal lubrication, hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and joint pain
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or menopausal hormone therapy
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use of synthetic or animal estrogens and progesterone to cpmpensate for decreases in estrogens in a women's body
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external male genitals
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penis and scrotum
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internal male genitalia
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testes,epididumides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra and accessory gland
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accessory glands
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the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and cowpers glands
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penis
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male sexual organ that relases sperm into vagina
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ejaculation
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the propulsion of semen from the penis
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scrotum
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sac of tissue that encloses the testes
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testes
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two organs, located in the scrotum that manufacture sperm and produce hormones
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testes
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two organs, located in the scrotum, that manufacture sperm and produce hormones
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testosterone
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male sex hormones manufactured in the testes
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spermatogenesis
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the dev. of sperm governed by pituitary gland
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epididymis
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a comma shaped structure atop the testis where sperm mature
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vas deferens
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a tube that stores and transports sperm toward the penis, in epididymis
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seminal vesicles
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sotrage area for sperm where nutrient fluids are added
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semen
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fluid containing sperm and nutreint fluids taht increase sperm viability and neutralize vaginal acid
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prostate gland
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gland that secretes nutrients and neutralizing fluids into the semen
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Cowpers glands
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glands that secrete a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acid remaining in the urethra after urination
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4 stages of sexual response
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excitement/arousal, plateau, orgasm and resolution
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vasocongestion
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the engorgement of the genital organs iwth blood, arousal stage
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plateau stage
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females nipples and males penis is erect, penis secretes a few drops of preejaculatory fluid which may contain sperm
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orgasmic phase
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vasocongestiona nd muscle tensions reach peack, contractions and spasm occur
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contractions two stages for males
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first, contractions within teh prostate gland begin propelling semen through urethra. second stage, muscles of the pelvic floor, urethra and anal sphincter contracat. semen ejaculated
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resolution phase
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muscle tension and congested blood subside, genital organs return to pre arousal. men go through refractionary period where incable of arousal, tends to lengthen with age
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autoerotic
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sexual self stimulation- consists of fantasies adn masturbation
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sexual fantasies
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sexually arousing thoughts adn dreams
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masturbation
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self stimulation of genitals
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erogenous zones
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areas of the body of both males adn females taht when touched leads to sexual arousal
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cunnilingus
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oral stimulation of a females genitals
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fellatio
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oral stimulation of a males genitals
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college aged men and women who have had oral sex
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75%
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anal sex college aged men and women
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over 26 percent
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variant sexual behavior
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a sexual behavior that is not engaged in by most people such as group sex, transvestism, fetishism, exhibitionism, voyeurism(observing other people) sadomasochism, pedaphilia, autoerotic asphyxiation( reucing oxygen to brain by tying a cord around your nexk while mastrubation to orgasm)
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sexual dysfunction
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problems associated with achieving sexual satisfacion
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inhibited sexual desire (ISD)
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lack of sexual appetitite or simply lack of interest and pleasure in sexual activity
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sexual aversion disorder
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typle of desire dysfunction charactorized by sexual phobias and anxiety about sexual contact
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erectile dysfunction(ED)
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difficulty in achieving or maintaining a penile erection sufficient for intercourse
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HOw many men suffer from ED
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30 million, half under age 65 suffer from ED. affects 1 in 4 men over age 65
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Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE)
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viagra, levitra, cialis treats ED, allows increased blood flow
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premature ejaculation
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ejaculation that occurs prior to or almost immediartely following penile penetration of the vagina. 50 percent of males at some point
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Female orgasmic disorder
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the inability to achieve orgasm
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sexual performance anxiety
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a condition of sexual difficulties caused by anticipatiing some sort of problem with the sex act
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dyspareunia
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pain experienced by women durign intercourse
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vaginismus
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state n which the vaginal muscled contract so forcefully taht penetration cannot be accomplished
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barrier methods
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contraceptive methods that block teh meeting of an eg adn a sperm by means of a physical barrier such as condom, diaphragm or cervical cap,a chemical barrier such as spermicide or both
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hormonal methods
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contraceptive methods taht introduces synthetic hormones into the womens system to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or prevent a fertilized egg from implanting
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male condom
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a single use sheath of thin latex or other material designed to fit over an erect penis and to catch semen upon ejaculation
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spermicide
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substances designed to kill sperm
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the female condom
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single use polyuretane sheath of internal use by women
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diaphragm
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a latex cup shaped device designed to cover the cervix and block acess to the uterus; should always be used with spermicide. left in 6 to 8 hours after intercoarse
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cervical cap
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a small cup made of latex that is designed to fit snugly over the entire cervix, must be fitted, smaller then diaphragm. not protection against HIV. inserted and removoed 6 to hours before/after
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Lea's shield
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one size fits all silicon rubber device that covers cervix and is available by prescription- used by those allergic to latex bc made of silicon rubber. simular to femcap
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sponge
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contraceptive device made of polyurethane foam and containing nonoxynol 9, that fits over the cervix to create a barrier agaisnt sperm
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oral contracpetives
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pills taken daily for three weeks of the menstrual cycle that prevent oulation by reg. hormones
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how teh pill works
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estrogen levels are higher then those produccedby body,. pregesterone prevents proper growth of uterine lininga nd thickens the cervical mucus, forming a barrier
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why is period lighter when using pill
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hormones prevent thick endometrial buildup
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seasonale
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an extended cucle oral contraceptive that causes a woman to menstruate only every 3 months
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ortho evra
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a patch taht releases hormones similar to those in oral contraceptives; each patch is worn for one week
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progestin only pills
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doesnt contain estrogen, those whoa re nursing etc, no protection agaisnt STIs
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ortha evra effectiveness
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99%, delievers continuous levels of estrogen and progestin through skin into bloodstream
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nuva ring
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soft flex. ring inserted into vagina that releases hormones preventing pregnancy
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depo provera
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an injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months . within a year, most women are amenorrheic (no period). a year after last injection to become pregnant
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norplant and other impants
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surgically inserted under skin of arm. withdrawn from market. 2 new ones are not on market yet
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sterilization
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permanent fertility control achieved through surgical procedures. permanent
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tubal ligation
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one method of sterilization. menstrual cycle continues. involves cutting and tying off or cauterizing of the uterine tubes
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essure
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a new nonsurgical sterilazation in which physician places small microcoils into uterine tubes in order to block them. permanent. doesnt reqiure incision
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hysterectomy
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removal of uterus. major surgery. done when uterus diseased or damaged
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vasectomy
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sterilization of male that involves cutting and tying off of both ductus deferentia. doesnt affect sexual response
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intrauterine device (IUD)
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a tshaped device that is implanted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy. paragaurd(10 years) and mirena (5 years, small amounds of progestin leveonorgestrel). if pregnancy occurs 50% miscarraige and other serious affects so abortion is recomended
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withdrawal
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method of contraception where penis is removed from vagina before ejaculation. also called coitus interruptus. unreliable 1/2 million sperm in a drop of fluid from tip of penis
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pregnancy every year in US
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6.4 million- half unintended
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Emergency contraceptive pill potential
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reduce unintended preg by half, 1.7 million unintended preg, 800,000 abortions. 62% college health centers have it. 11 % stdents used it in last school year
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Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP)
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delay or inhibit ovulation, inhibit fertilization, or block implantation of fertilized egg. taken within 24 hours, 95% effective. 2-5 days later, lowers by 75% to 88%. available without perscription 18 adn older
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emergency minipills
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contracpetive pills containing only progestin taht can be taken up to 3 days after unprotexted intercoarse
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fertility awareness methods (FAMS)
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several types of birth control that require alteration of sexual behaviors rather then chemical or physical intervention
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outcoarse
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oral genital sex, mutual mastrubation...not std proof
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Cervical mucus method
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rleies on observation of changes in cervical mucus to determine when the woman is fertile so the couple can obstain during htat time
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Body temp method
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woman moniters her body temp for the rise that signals ovulation in order to obstain around htat time. between .4 and ,8
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teh calender method
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womans menstrual cucle is mapped on a calender to determine presumed fertile tiems in order to obstain at those times
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illegal abortions performed
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480,000 illegal in us each year 1/3 on married women before 1st and 2nd trimester were legal
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abortions on unplanned preg
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50%
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vacuum aspiration
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use of gentle suction to remove fetal tissue from uterus, first trimester only. laminaria,steril seaweed product can be laced in cervical canal to dilate cerivx
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Dilation and evacuation
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abortion tech that combines vacuum aspiration with dilation and curettage; fetal tissue sucked and scraped out of uterus- 2nd trimester
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Dilation and Curettage (D and C)
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abortion tech cervix dilated adn uterine walls scraped clean- 2nd trimester
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induction abortion
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2nd trimester, prostaglandin or saline. chemicals injected through uterine wall, labor begins, women delievers dead fetus
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hysterotomy
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surgical removal of fetus from uterus
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mortality rates for abortion
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first trimester- 1/500000 at 8 or fewer weeks
16 to 20 weeks, 1/27000 21 weeks or more 1/8000 |
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intact dilation adn extraction (D and X)
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late term abortion in which body of fetus extracted up to the head and the contents of the cranium are aspirated (partial birth abortion)
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mifepristone
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steroid hormone that induces abortion by blocking the action of progesterone RU486. 96% during first 9 weeks will exp complete aboriton. 1/1000 need blood transfution because of severe bleeding
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preconception care
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medical care prior to becoming pregnant taht helps woman assess and affress petential health maternal
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sperm damage
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bad diet, exposure to toxic chemicals, cigarette smoking, not enough vitamin C
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child costs
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250000 to the age of 17
7000 normal del. 11450 for c section |
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nutrition for pregnancy
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lots of folic acid found in dark leafy greens. iron, calcium and fluids
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pregnancy weight gain
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25 to 30 punds- normal weight
15 to 20- obese or overweight 28 to 40-underweight 35-40 twins |
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teratogenic
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causing brith defects, mayb reger to drugs, environmental chemicals, xrays or disease
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Fetal alchohol syndrome
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collection of symptoms including mental retardation, that can appear in infants of women who drink during preg
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toxoplasmosis
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a disease caused by organism found in cat feces taht whne contracted by a preg owman, result in stillbirth or an infant with mental retradation
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downs syndrome
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condition charactorized by mental retradation which chance increases with mothers age
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Human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG)
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hormone detectable in blood or urine samples of a mother within the first few weeks of pregnancy
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embryo
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egg from conception until end of 2 month development
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fetus
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term for developing baby from 3rd month of preg until birth- when all organ systems are in place
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placenta
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network of blood vessels connected to teh umbilical cord that carries nutrients to the developing infant and carries waste away
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third trimester
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greatest fetal growth 85% of calcium and iron goes to fetus
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ultrasound
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presents sonogram, know position and size, not genetic info
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Triple marker screen (TMS)
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maternal blood test taht can be used to help identify fetuses with certain brith defects and genetic abnormalities. 6th and 8th week
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Amniocentisis
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medical test in which small amound of fluid drawn from amniotic sac to test for down syndrome and other genetic diseases. rec for women over 35. chance of miscarriage from testing is 1/200
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Chorionic vilus sampling (CVS)
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snipping tissue fron dev fetal sac.10 - 12 weeks
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fetoscopy
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small incision in the abdominal and uterine walls and inserting optical viewer into uterus to view fetus directly. miscarrage in 5% cases
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First stage of labor
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amniotic sac breaks, conttactions begin, cervix dilates
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transition
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end of first stage of labor, cervix fully dilated and head of fetus begins to move into birth canal
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2nd stage of labor(expulsion stage)
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cervix fully dilated, contractions rhythmic, strong, and more painful. 1 to 4 hours.
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episiotomy
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straight incision to mothers perineum in area between vulva and anus to preven babys head teraing vaginal tusses and speed babys exit
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third stage of labor
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placenta or afterbirth is expelled. 30 min after del.
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Lamaze method
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coaching, how to control pain
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postpartum period
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baby blues, 50 to 80 %
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postpartum depression
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energy lack of, anxiety, mood swigs, depression women feel duromg postpartum period. 10%
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colostrum
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thick yellow substance secreted from breast. contains vital anitbodies to help fight infection. ideally 12 months breeastfed, at lest 6
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preeclampsia
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complication in pregnancy charactorized by high blood pressure, protein in ureine and edema- swelling of hand and face
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eclampsia
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untreated preeclampisa can develop into this potentially fatal complication that involves maternal strokes adn seizures
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cesarean section (C section)
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surgical procedure in which baby is removed through incision made in the mothers abdominal and uterine walls
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miscarriage
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1/10. spontaneous abortion.
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Rh factor
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blood protein related to production of antibodies. if Rh negative mother is pregnant with an Rh pos fetus, mother will manufacture antibodies that can kill teh fetus causing miscarraige. 1st baby unaffected. RHOgam after delievery
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ectopic pregnancy
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implatation of fertilized egg outside teh uterus usually in a uterine tube; medical emergency that can end in death from hemorrhage for the mother
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stillbirth
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birth of dead baby
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sudden infant death syndrome
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sudden death of an infant under one year of age for no apparent reason. 1/1000 each year
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infertility
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difficulties in conceiving
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endometriosis
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disorder in which uterine lining tissue established itself outside the uterus; leading cause of infertility in teh US. can be treated
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pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
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infection that scars the uterine tubes and blocks sperm migration causing infertility. from chlamyidia or gonorrheal infections.
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low sperm count
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below 60million sperm per mililiter of semen, leading cause of infertility in men. accoutns for 40% of infertility cases
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fertility drugs
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stimulate ovulation in women whoa re not ovulating, often resp for multiple births. 90 %ovulate, 1/2 concieve
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alternative insemination
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fert accomplished by depositing a partners or a donors semen into a womans vagina via a thin tube, done in doctors office. 250000 births in US
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in vitro fertalization
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fertilization of an egg in a nutrient medium and subsequent transfer back to mothers body.60000 babies since 1984
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gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
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procedure in which egg harvasted from female partners ovary is placed with the male partners sperm in her uterine tube; where its fertalized and then migrates to uterus for implantation
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intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI
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fertilization by injecting sperm directly into an egg
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nonsurgical embryo transfer
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in vitro fertalization of a donor egg by male partners sperm and subsequent transfer to female uturus
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embyro transfer
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artificial insemination of donor with the male partners sperm; after a time the embyo is transferred from the donor the famale body
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embryo adoption programs
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procedure whereby an infertile couple is able to purchase frozen embryos donated by another couple $4000 dollars
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surrogate mothers
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paid 10000 for services nad reimbursed for medical expenses-
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adoption
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- 50000 children adopted in US every year. 1/30 recievve child they want. 2 years and 100000 on adoption process
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urethra
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The opening at the tip of the penis that allows the passage of both urine and semen
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smegma
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A substance with the texture of cheese secreted by glands on each side of the frenulum in uncircumcised men AKA dick cheese
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scrotum
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Sac that hangs behind and below the penis which contains the testes
Primary function is to maintain the testes at approximately 34 C, the temperature at which the tests most effectively produce sperm |
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seminiferous tubules- how many sperm produced
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A kilometer of ducts called the seminiferous tubules, which generate sperm. Each testicle produces nearly 150 million sperm every 24 hours.
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epididymis
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‘Holding pen' where sperm matures. The sperm wait here until ejaculation or nocturnal emission.
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early pill warning signs
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A = Abdominal pain (severe)
C = Chest pain (severe), cough, shortness of breath H = Headache (severe), dizziness, weakness, numbness E = Eye problems (vision loss or blurring), speech problems S = Severe leg pain (calf or thigh) |
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cornona
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The 'crown,' a ridge of flesh demarcating where the head of the penis and the shaft join
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Frenulum
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A thin strip of flesh on the underside of the penis that connects the shaft to the head
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Foreskin, Prepuce
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A roll of skin which covers the head of the penis in uncircumsized men
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what is mons pubis names after
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goddess of love Roman
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clitoris
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It consists of a rounded area or head, called the glans, and a longer part, called the shaft, which contains cavernous bodies similar to those of the penis
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3 layers of uterus
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innermost- endometrium
middle- myometrium third- perimetrium |
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white substance that covers teh skin to protect it durign the 7th month
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vernix caseosa
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