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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What drug is the most abused?
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Alcohol.
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What is odd about the drinking that occurred during the time of the puritans?
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Everyone drank in the time of the puritans because it was safer than water or milk, however drunkeness was NOT acceptable.
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What percentage of adults in the US. are classified as drinkers?
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About 2/3 (meaning that they consume at least 12 drinks in a lifetime and 1 in the last year).
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What percentage of drinkers engage in binge drinking?
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About 20% (Meaning they consume 5 or more drinks in one occasion at least once a month).
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What percentage of people in the US are heavy drinkers?
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5% (meaning they they consume 14 drinks per week for men and 7 a week for women).
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Who tends to have the highest rates of drinking?
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European Americans drink the most, but Native Americans binge the most.
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Adults of what age tend to have the highest drinking rates?
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Adults 25-44
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Adults of what age tend to have the highest binge drinking and heavy drinking rates?
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Adults 18-24.
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Why are young people drinking less these days?
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They are doing other drugs.
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Who binge drinks and drinks more heavily women or men?
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men.
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What is the connection between education and drinking?
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The more educated the person, the more likely they are to drink.
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What is the function of alcohol dehydrogenase?
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It is an enzyme in the liver that metabolizes alcohol.
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What is the function of aldehyde dehydrogenase?
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It converts the metabolized alcohol compound aldehyde into acetic acid.
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What does alcohol do to the body?
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1) It increases lactic acid, which correlates with anxiety attacks.
2) It increases uric acid, which causes gout. 3) It increases fat in the liver and in the blood stream. |
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What usually prevents alcohol poisoning?
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Intoxication- it leads to unconscious stopping of drinking
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Do men and women have the same responses to alcohol?
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No.
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What are some common alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
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Tremors, DTs, sleep difficulty, convulsions, delusions, hallucinations etc.
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How long does withdrawal usually last?
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Between 2 days to a week.
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What are direct hazards?
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The harmful physical effects of alcohol itself. Ex: liver damage.
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What are indirect hazards?
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The harmful consequences that result from psychological and physiological impairments produced by alcohol.
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How does liver damage occur?
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The oxidation that occurs during alcohol metabolism becomes toxic and destroys cell membranes---also scarring can occur.
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What is cirrhosis?
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The accumulation of nonfunctional scar tissue in the liver.
**major cause of death among alcoholics. |
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What kind of damage can chronic alcohol abuse do?
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It can lead to respiratory illness and neurological damage.
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What is the most frequent and serious indirect hazard of alcohol consumption?
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The increased liklihood of unintentional injuries.
**The fourth leading cause of death in the US |
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What accounts for the largest number of alcohol related fatalities?
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Motor vehicle injuries.
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Which ethnicity of people is most likely to drink and drive?
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White europeans.
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Are men or women more likely to drink and drive?
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Men.
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What is interesting about people who drink?
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People who drink and drive are more likely to participate in crime, unprotected sex, risky behavior, and bad decisions.
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What is the connection between heart risks and those who drink?
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People who drink 2 drinks a day have a 25% lower risk for heart attack.
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What are some reasons that alcohol can be good for the heart?
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Changes in plaque formation, reduction of blood clots, alternations in cholesterol, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.
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What are some other benefits of drinking alcohol?
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Alcohol can also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, by affecting glucose tolerance to insulin resistance- also alcohol effects on cholesterol and metabolism may reduce gallstones.
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What is a correlation between drinking and disease?
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Drinking may reduce gastritis and gastric cancers also ulcers.--possible decreased risk for alzheimers.
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What does the "Moral Model" argue?
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It argues that people have free will to choose their behaviors.
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What does the "medical model" argue?
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It argues that problem drinking is syptomattic of underlying physical problems and the notion that alcoholism is hereditary.
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What does the "disease model" argue?
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It argues that people with problem drinking have the disease of alcoholism.
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What is gamma alcoholism?
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A loss of control once drinking begins.
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What is delta alcoholism?
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Inability to abstain from alcohol.
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What can play a role in alcohols effects?
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Expectancy.
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What does the "tension reduction hypothesis" argue?
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That people drink to reduce tension.
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What does the "alcohol myopia hypothesis" argue?
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It argues that alcohol creates effects on social behavior that they term myopia.
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What is a myopia?
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A state of shortsightedness in which superficially understood, imediate aspects of experience have a disproportionate influence on behavior and emotion, a state of which we can see the tree, but miss the forest.
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According to they alcohol myopia hypothesis what happens?
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Alcohol blocks out insightful cognitive processing and alters thoughts related to the self, stress and social anxiety.
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According to social learning theory, people begin to drink for several reasons?
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1) The taste of alcohol and its imediate effects
2) An escape from unpleasant situations 3) Modeling others |
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What does social learning theory state?
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That because drinking is a behavior that is learned, it can be unlearned or relearned, with either abstinance or moderation as a goal of therapy.
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Who is more likely to seek treatment for chronic drinking women or men?
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men.
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What is the most popular form of treatment for drinking?
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Self help groups.
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Which is more popular inpatient treatment or outpatient?
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Outpatient.
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What is spontaneous remission?
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When a disease is cured without treatment.
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What are some common treatments toward abstinance?
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AA, psychotherapy, and chemical treatments.
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There are some facilities in the US that preach moderation instead of abstinance. Are they successful?
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Only somewhat.
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What are some health risks of illegal drugs?
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Illegal drugs may be sold as one drug but they are actually another, no assurance of appropriate dosage, may have dangerous impurities.
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What are sedatives?
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Drugs that induce relaxation and sometimes intoxication by lowering the activity of the brain, the neurons, the muscles, and the heart.
**Low does- euphoria, high doses- loss of consciousness, coma or death. |
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What are some different types of sedatives?
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barbituates, tranquilzers, opiates, methadone, and alcohol.
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What do sedatives do?
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They create a depressive effect.
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What are barbituates?
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Synthetic drugs used to induce sleep.
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What are some side effects of barbituates?
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Withdrawal symptoms, hallucinations, delirium, and inability to sleep.
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What are Tranquilizers?
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Sedatives that are less likely to produce sleep and more likely to reduce anxiety.
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What are some side effects of tranquilizers?
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Long term use includes dependence, tolerance, disorientation, confusion, rage, etc.
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What are opiates?
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One of the most versatile drugs to use; pain relievers, can also be used for cough, and diarrhea.
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What are some side effects of opiates?
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tolerance, dependence, and addiction.
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What are stimulants?
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Drugs that make some people feel more alert and energetic, more able to concentrate, and more able to work long hours.
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What are some side effects of stimulants?
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They can make others jittery, anxious, and unable to sit still.
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What are amphetamines?
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Stimulant drugs that are often abused because of their mood altering effects.
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What are some side effects of amphetamines?
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High BP, slow heart rate, increased respiration of bronchial muscles, dialation of pupils, heart probs, and delusions.
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What is cocaine?
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A drug that is usually snorted, that gives a sense of euphoria.
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what are some side effects of cocaine?
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Nose bleeds, heart probs, etc.
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What is ecstasy?
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A derivative of methamphetamines, people use it for its mild hallucinogenic effects, including feelings of peace, joy, and empathy.
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What is marijuana?
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The most commonly used drug in the US - it alters the thought process, causes memory impairments, feelings of relaxation, euphoria, increased appetite and poor coordination.
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What are steroids?
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Drugs used to enhance athletic performance.
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What sre some side effects of steroids?
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Can make the body stop producing its own steroids, can cause reproductive issues, heart probs, stunted height, man boobs etc.
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