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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the transition from NREM to REM sleep, how do the EEG, EOG, and EMG signals change and what impact does this have on function? |
EEG begins to desynchronize, eye movements start to occur, and the muscle becomes completely paralyzed when entering REM sleep. Brain activity during REM looks similar to that when awake. The muscles are paralyzed to ensure that we don't move during sleep. |
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What is atonia and why is it important? |
Atonia is the paralysis of the muscles; this is important for ensuring that our bodies don't move during REM sleep. |
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How do body temperature, respiration, and heart rate change from NREM to REM? |
Body temperature is no longer regulated Respiration increases and varies, may show brief stoppages, and coughing is suppressed Heart rate increases |
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Describe the EEG signal at each stage of sleep? What is the dominant frequency band for each stage? |
Stage 1: mix of alpha and theta waves Stage 2: theta waves and beginnings of delta waves Stage 3: mix of theta and delta waves Stage 4: delta waves REM: similar to awake, mainly alpha waves |
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What are sleep spindles and K complexes? At what stage do they appear? What is their function? |
Bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 of sleep. They are important in switching the thalamus from spike mode to burst mode. |
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How long is one cycle of sleep? |
Usually 55-95 minutes |
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What is the order of the sleep stages? |
1, 2, 3, 4, REM |
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How many times does sleep cycle across the night? |
4-5 times |
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How does NREM change across the night? Why? |
The period of time spent in NREM sleep gets progressively shorter as the cycles are repeated throughout the night. This is because the main function of the NREM sleep is to help us recover and restore energy reserves in the brain NREM helps counter that sleep pressure that had been built through the day. |
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How does REM change across the night? Why? |
REM cycles get longer and longer throughout the night mainly because we spend less time in NREM sleep as the night progresses |
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During the sleep cycle when are you most likely to wake up? |
Immediately after REM sleep, during the transition back to stage 1. |
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What are the two main ways that brain activity can be depicted? How do they differ? * |
EEG (regular) and EEG power density plots. EEG (regular) shows frequency at any point in time, while power density plots shows the relative distribution of frequency throughout the night. |
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What is delta power? Which sleep stage does it dominant? How does delta power change across the night? |
Delta power refers to the amplitude of the delta waves. It is dominant during slow wave sleep (i.e. stage 3 and 4), particularly during stage 4. Delta power generally decreases throughout the night as the need for energy re-storage in the brain decreases. |
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What impact does sleep deprivation have on NREM, REM and delta power? |
Sleep deprivation will increase the need for slow wave NREM sleep, and therefore delta power will also be higher. REM sleep will not be affected by sleep deprivation. |
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What impact does a daytime nap have on sleep latency, NREM, REM and delta power? |
Increases sleep latency Decreases time spent on NREM sleep and decreases delta power More time spent in REM sleep |
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What is the relationship between adenosine and delta power? What is the function of delta power? |
Andenosine levels are postively related to delta power; the higher the adenosine levels, the greater the delta power. The function of delta power is to restore ATP levels in the brain and remove adenosine. |
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Why does NREM always come first? What is the function of NREM? |
Function of NREM is to restore energy reserves in the brain - this is why it needs to come first, rest is very important for humans. |
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When do we dream? How does dreaming differ in NREM and REM? Would you be more likely to remember your dreams if I woke you up in REM or NREM sleep? |
We can dream at any point during the sleep cycle Dreams in REM are much more easy to remember, more vivid, and can be more emotional. You are more likely to remember your dreams if you wake up in REM sleep. |
