Health Psych Exam 2

Front 1

what is behavior economics

Back 1

the effects of social, emotional and cognitive factors on economic decisions and the consequences for market prices returns and resource allocation.

Front 2

What is delay discounting?
Is it irrational?
What is hyperbolic discounting?

Back 2

1. preference for immediate rewards
2. No not irrational, future is unknown
3. same as delay discounting like with gamblers and money

Front 3

Be familiar with the behaviors/tendencies associated 
with more rapid discounting 
discussed in class.

Back 3

Delay discounting=preference for immediate reward over larger future reward.
Behaviors associated with rapid discounting:
greater impulsivity
proneness to gamble
addiction
weight gain/obesity
cognitive distortions/personality characteristics(pessemistic type person)

Front 4

How is projection bias related to poor health‐related decision making?

Back 4

Projection bias is projecting our current state into the future.
When in a hot state, we may make decisions that affect our future negatively (i.e. spending money)
doing drugs now that will affect us later

Front 5

Which gender tends to show more rapid delay discounting and better tolerance of delay 
in gratification? Be familiar with the theories explaining this difference discussed in class.

Back 5

Females show greater tolerance for delay
males more influenced by present rewards
Explanations:females have greater knowledge of strategies to make delayed gratification easier
waiting can be aversive
evolutionary/life history explanations
developmental expectations for girls/boys

Front 6

Be familiar with the Walter Mischel marshmallow study. Know the main correlates 
between better delay of gratification on the
marshmallow test and later outcomes.

Back 6

children who waited longer:
recieved higher SAT scores, better cognitive/emotional abilities coping in adolescence
showed higher educational achievement, higher sense of self worth, better coping mechanisms
kids who didn't wait:
more likely to be bullies
had lower self-esteem
were more likely to be addicts

Front 7

Be familiar with the means of delay of gratification that were discussed in class.

Back 7

For children: direct visual access to the stimulus has an affect on the children's capacity to delay
can wait when concealed
can't wait when visible
key element is the thoughts of the kid trying to wait.
children must mentally distance themselves from the attractive thing
think about thing in a way that does not activate hot emotions.

Front 8

What do the Boysen studies on chimps indicate about
 the relationship between symbols 
and decision‐making?

Back 8

Chimps pick the larger amount when it is the reward even when they know they won't get it. they can understand to take smaller one when it is a symbol. they perform rationally to get larger reward.
symbols are like psychological distance

Front 9

What role does the insula play in addiction and craving? How do we know (what is the best 
evidence that) it is involved in craving?

Back 9

insula has neurons that deal with all somatic things(hunger, thirst, sexual arousal)
also produces conscious feelings and so mediates cravings
Wang had cocain users think about cocaine in a PET scan and insula was activated.
insula damage in smokers: easier time quitting.
reported no conscious urge to smoke.

Front 10

What does it mean that brain and body (particularly 
homeostatic responses) are anticipatory? What is the
 possible relationship between such anticipation and
craving discussed in class?

Back 10

body mounts a defense as we start to anticipate eating. body must anticipate what will happen.

Front 11

Why might “cravings” be seen as reflecting a need state (rather than just wanting 
something badly)?

Back 11

Because some cravings may occur due to needing a certain nutrient.

Front 12

Why might the “loss of control” experienced in a state
 of strong craving feel like a failure of 
will power rather than a conscious decision?

Back 12

Addicts have a compulsion. There is inadequate will power. Don't feel consciously in control.

Front 13

Be familiar with the examples of contagion that were
 discussed in class.

Back 13

External stimulus eliciting similar responsei n the perceiver.
yawning, laughing, mood contagion, goal contaion, conummatroy , itching, pupillary (eye dialating)

Front 14

What are some of the main characteristics of
 interoceptive stimuli?

Back 14

interoceptive stimuli (from inside body):
vague and diffuse
lacking the spatially etc of external cues
Introceptive stimuli always interpreted based on:
expectations, biases, schemas, exteroceptive context

Front 15

What are the main sources of information we use to
 interpret bodily signals?

Back 15

interpretation of bodily signals are:
context dependent-change based on surroundings (females more aware of this)
error prone (we make mistakes)
ex we eat when we are bored/sad
often socially influenced

Front 16

What does Cioffi (1991) argue about somatic
 interpretation?

Back 16

we think we are percieving what we ought to be perceiving in a given situation.

Front 17

Know that we rely upon external cues to disambiguate
 internal stimuli and at the same time 
rely upon internal cues to disambiguate external stimuli.

Back 17

what did that say!?

Front 18

What is the biggest (most well‐documented) gender
 and cultural difference with respect to 
the interpretation of somatic signals?

Back 18

women do worse on lab measures of interoception (Ex. heart beat perception tests) but rely more heavily on external cues for introception than men on non lab studies.
non westerners have higher somatization (experience psych disorders as physical problems

Front 19

Why is interoception relevant to depression? What is 
the main gist of the theory presented 
in class on interoception in depression? (That is, do 
depressed people have impaired 
interoception, and if so how is it impaired?)

Back 19

depression leads people away from external cues and away from internal cues because so much focus in on ruminating/self-focus and so much time is spent alone.
somatic cues are then disrupted which adds to a negative affective state due to messed up eating/sleep/sex
misattribute interoceptive cues/missatribute emotions to their negative thoughts instead of possible somatic problems (sickenss, pain)

Front 20

What is the typical finding with respect to interoception in anxiety and panic disorder?

Back 20

People with anxiety disorders hae high sensitivity to interoception though not always correct.
people with anxiety have gastrointestianl problems. linked to interoceptive dysfunction?

Front 21

What does “social biofeedback” refer to?

Back 21

infants learn about their internal states by their caregivers response to their crying.

Front 22

What did Hilde Bruch argue about the perception and 
development of hunger?

Back 22

Infant gives off cues (crying) and learns about cues by the response given to them by the caregiver.

Front 23

What is a Wittgensteinian view of hunger?

Back 23

words are tools-what do we do after we say "i am hungry"

Front 24

What is the link between bottle‐feeding and obesity?

Back 24

bottle fed kids have a harder time regulating intake
bottle feeding=mother control
breast feeding=infant control

Front 25

What does the Ciampolini/Ledoux technique for
 training people to recognize hunger 
involve?

Back 25

use blood glucose monitors to recognize when they are hungry.

Front 26

What is the theoretical basis for such techniques?

Back 26

doing this helps treat H. pylori and other GI infections
you lose weight.
hunger is confused with other feelings

Front 27

What does “development is a series of adaptations to a series of niches” mean?

Back 27

niches=infant niche, juvenile niche, adult niche
we learn for certain periods of growth and then forget about them since they are not needed-ex. suckling

Front 28

What is an ontogenetic adaptation?

Back 28

certain adaptations that are needed for each stage of life

Front 29

What does epigenetics mean? What is the difference
 between molar and molecular 
epigenetics?

Back 29

epigenetics=changes in organisms not due to DNA change.
molecular epigenetics is the changes in DNA throughout life
molar epigenetics is everything not in the molecular- like getting food to eat, functioning in a society

Front 30

Know that when thinking about “species‐typical” or “normal” behavior you have to consider 
the entire developmental system—not just genes.

Back 30

Know it!

Front 31

What is an ontogenetic mismatch and what are the
 potential consequences?

Back 31

If in early development there are challenges and little resources, then body prepares for the same conditions in the future.
If infant is healthy, body does not prepare for future challenges and disease and illness can occur.

Front 32

What resources are passed on from generation to
generation?

Back 32

all of them! environmental and genetic
probably similar bacteria too?

Front 33

What are some of the main sources of variability or
 noise that affect the caregiver and 
infant/child side of the “social biofeedback” process?

Back 33

expressivity, sickness
children differ on how vocal they are about what they need.

Front 34

confabulation

Back 34

fakery, lying, fibbing

Front 35

anhedonia

Back 35

not getting pleasure out of life anymore (could happen via negative allesthesia

Front 36

dysphoria

Back 36

pervasive negative mood

Front 37

anergia

Back 37

feeling like you have no energy

Front 38

pica

Back 38

craving to eat dirt while pregnant