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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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the dynamic physiological response on the part of the body to maintain a stable internal state in spite of the demands of the environment.
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Neurons
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Nerve cells
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Afferent Neurons
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nerve cells that conduct impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system or from lower to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain.
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Efferent Neurons
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Nerve cells that take impulses away from the brain.
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Synapse
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a gap between neurons that is crossed by neurotransmitters that neurons use to communicate with each other.
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Central Nervous system
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the division of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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The division of the nervous system that is made up of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (which is further divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system)
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Glial Cells
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Make up about 90 percent of CNS cells ans are the support system for neurons, providing nourishment and helping neurons maintain proper physical orientations to each other.
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Blood-brain barrier
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Acts as a sentinel for materials that enter the brain via the bloodstream.
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Meningitis
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An inflammation of the membranes that protect the braina nd spinalcord. It takes its name fromt eh meninges the membranes that provide further protection and keep the fluid contained within the CNS. There are three of these membranes positioned between the protective bone layer and nerve tissue.
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Brain Stem
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an area at the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. The brain stem controls some very basic functions, such as breathing and sleep-wake cycles. it is also involved in maintaining posture.
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Cerebellum
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the "little brain" the cerebellum appears above the brain stem. It contributes to our control of balance and the coordination of voluntary movement.
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Hypothalamus
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Portion of the brain that initiates the stress response in both the nervous system and the endocrine system.
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Thalamus
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located above the hypothalamus , it manages the synaptic input tot he brain, sending impulses to the appropriate part of the brain.
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Occipital Lobes
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Contain the visual cortex and responsible for interpreting impulses that come through light-sensitive receptors in the eyes.
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Temporal Lobes
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Responsible for interpreting sound
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Parietal Lobe
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responsible for processing sensory information other than hearing and vision such a touch and temperature regulation.
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Frontal Lobes
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responsible for voluntary movement, language, thought processing and emotion.
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Sensory Cortex
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Responsible for sensory activities in specific parts of the body as well as for sensations from the skin, muscles and joints.
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Broca's area
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the part of the brain that controls speech production.
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Wernike's area
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the aprt of the rbain that controls the understanding of language.
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Cerebrocascular accidents
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a form of cardiovascular disease in which blood flow to teh brain is disrupted.
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Ischemic stroke
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a stroke that is caused by blockage.
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Hemorrhagic stroke
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a stroke that is caused by blood vessel rupture.
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Sensory afferents
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carry sensory information to the brain via the spinal cord.
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Somatic Nervous system
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responsible for voluntary activity and controls skeletal muscles.
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Autonomic nervous system
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Responsible for involuntary activity and controls the cardiac muscle of the heart, smooth muscle of the internal organs and most glands. This system is very important in the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Sympathetic nervous system
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the system responsible for the Fight or flight response when triggered byt he hypothalamus (e.g. faster heart beat increased blood pressure)
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parasympathetic nervous system
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the component of the autonomic system that re-established homeostais in the system and promotes the reconstructive process following a stressful experience.
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Tropic Hormones
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Hormones produced to stimulate other glands
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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A tropic hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates teh adrenal gland to produce cortisol, a hormone that is important in the stress response.
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Diabetes
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a common disease that results from a malfunction in the endocrine system. Diabetes is caused by too little insulin which is a hormone produced by the pancreas
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Antigens
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micro-organisms that are foreign to our physiology
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Pathogens
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antigens that have the potential to create disease.
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Specific immunity
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protection against a particular antigen
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Immune system memory
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the ability of certain immune system cells to adapt to an antigen to remember the antigen when it encounters it again, and to work to eliminate it.
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B lymphocyte cells
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cells that when re-encountering a specific pathogen produce an antibody designed to eliminate the pathogen.
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Seroconversion
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the production of antibodies by memory B cells when exposed to a specific previously encountered and remembered antigen.
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Helper T-cells
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cells that produce substances called interleukins that speed the division of B lymphocyte cells.
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Suppressor T-cells
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cells that stop the production of antibodies after the antigen has been destroyed.
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Specificty
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Ability of certain immune system cells to rwemember an antigen and respond only to the remembered antigen.
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Tolerance
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The ability of immune system cells to remember and respond to a remembered antigen while not reacting to the body's own cells.
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Non-specific immunity
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General protection against antigens, rather than against one specific antigen.
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Natural-killer (NK) cells
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cells that have the specific job of seeking and destroying cells taht are infected cancerous or altered in some other way.
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Autoimmune diseases
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Occur when the immune system works against the body's own cells. One of the best known autoimmune diseases is arthritis.
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Atria
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the upper two chanbers of the heart. Atris receive blood returning to the heart ad transfer it to the ventricles.
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Ventricles
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The lower two chanbers of the heart. Ventricles pump the blood from the heart to either the lungs or other parts of teh body.
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Aorta
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The main artery carrying oxygen-rich blood aeway from the heart
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Systole
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contraction of the heat during pumping in which the heart is emptied.
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Diastole
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relaxation of the heart during which the hear tis filled.
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Arythmicity
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The capacity of cardiac muscle cell to fire by itself. the pulsing of the heart is regulated by autorhythmic cells.
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Contractile cells
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These cells require stimulation from other cells in order to fire. they bring about the contaction of the heart that constitutes the work of pumping.
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Arrhythmia
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An irregular beating of the heart, such as rapid heartbeat or changing patterns of beating.
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Hypertension
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Abnormally high blood pressure (ie. below 100/60 mm Hg)
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Asymptomatic
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Conditions that are not accompanied by palpable symptoms or sensations.
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Bronchi
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the two main branches of the trachea or windpipe.
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Bronchioles
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the small branches of the bronchi.
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Alveoli
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tiny air sacs found at the ends pf the bronchioles. Gas (o2 and CO2) is excahnged between the air and the blood via the 300 million alveoli.
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Pulmonary capillaries
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A dense collection of blood-bearing capillaries that encircle the alveoli in the lungs facilitatitng the exchange of gases in the lungs.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
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the primary symptom of COPD is shortness of breath, a symptom that tends to worson with time. the two most common forms of COPD are chronic brontitis an inflammation that irritates the airways and blocks them by producing extra mucus ad emphasema which results from damaged or destroyed lung tissue causing large air pockets to be trapped in the lungs making breathing difficult.
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Lobar pneumonia
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The infection of an entire lobe of the lung which causes an inflammation of the alveoli. This can be serious condition in which the infection causing the inflammation spreads to other organs.
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Bronchial Pneumonia
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pneumonia that is restricted to the bronchi and then often occurs as a complication of other illness such as cold or flu.
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Chyme
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refers to the liquid material treacelling through the digestive tract.
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Motility
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the process of moving food through the system and mixing it with digestive juices.
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Emesis
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vomiting or emptying of the stomach's contents.
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antiemetic medication
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medication intended to reduce nausea and vomitting.
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Peptic ulcer
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so named becaise pepsin a digestive enzym, begins to erode the wall of the stomach resulting in bleeding or the escape of gastric contents which can damage tissue outside the digestive tract.
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Absorption
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The process by which nutrients move from the digestive tract to the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine.
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Lactose intolerance
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Caused by a deficiency of lactose which is used to digest a milk sugar called lactose resulting in a buildup of lactose int eh small intestine. because beacteria in the large intestine can use lactose as an energy source, these bacteria move in and produce gases as they attack the lactose. The result is painful cramping and diarrhea.
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Malabsorption
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The inability to efficiently absorb nutrients form the digestive system which may be caused by gluten enteropathy.
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Renal system
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the part of the body encompassing the kidneys renal arteries and renal veins.
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Ureter
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carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. there are two ureters, one for each kidney.
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Urinary bladder
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Storage space for holding urine. the bladder is capable of expanding to hold more or less urine.
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Urethra
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Empties urine from the bladder to outside the body. In females the urethra is short and straight, in males the urethra is much longer and extends through the prostate and the penis.
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Kidney dialysis
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uses external devices to do the work of the kidneys.
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gametes
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reproductive cells
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Gonads
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The primary organs responsible for reproduction. in males, these are the testes and in femailes, the ovaries. In addition to producing their respective gametes, the gonads produce sex hormones--testosterone for males and estrogen and progesterone for females.
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