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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are social determinants of health?
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Social and economic conditions that affect the health of individuals, families, communities
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What are some examples of social determinants of health?
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Housing, money/income, education, aboriginal status, gender, food security
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What is "sex"?
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A biological construct. Has to do with our anatomy, physiology, genes, etc...
Our actual genitalia |
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What is gender?
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A social construct. Refers to the categories of masculine and feminine. Based on cultural values that dictate how men and women should act in order to fit into these categories.
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What is body image?
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Its our self-attitude towards our body and the way it works. Shape, size, colour, etc. How much we invest and value our appearance. Our evaluations and feelings regarding our physical appearance.
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What are the components of body image?
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1. Perception
2. Attitude 3. Social Context 4. Investment |
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Perception (body image)?
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How we perceive and evaluate our bodies
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Attitude (body image)?
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Our thoughts and feelings on our bodies
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Social Context (body image)?
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Cultural norms and social values. What is an ideal image for our bodies to look like in our society?
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Investment (body image)?
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How much focus do we place on our appearance? What is the importance of our appearance to our identity? What do we do to manage/change our appearance?
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What does the socially ideal female body look like?
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Thin, yet curvy. Young, smooth, toned and physically fit. Usually white, not always. Big boobs/big ass.
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What does the socially ideal male body look like?
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Big, strong, tall, muscular, lean, broad shoulders/narrow waist. Age isn't as important, older men are sexy and distinguished
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What is meant by body-as-object?
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The way that women are socialized to believe that their bodies are a bunch of parts that are to be aesthetically evaluated and judged. We are taught that all our parts and our bodies make up how attractive we are, and that there is great value on this level of attractiveness
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What is meant by body-as-process?
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It is the way men are socialized and taught to value and view their bodies. Men are taught that their bodies are for function more than beauty. Their bodies are for physical effectiveness, the body is a machine or a tool. They are not as criticized for beauty as women are.
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How does body image differ among genders?
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The differences between viewing your body as an object (women) and viewing your body as a process (men)
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What is happening in the world regarding the body image of men?
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It is increasing going towards body-as-object. More men are being evaluated on their aesthetic value these days. They are getting more pressure for appearance.
Hence, crazy weight lifting/bulking fads |
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How does body image vary and diversify?
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Body image and ideals are different across different cultures, ethnicities, races, ages, educations, social classes and the adherence to traditional gender norms (fem and masc)
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What are gender norms?
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The way that women and men "should look and act" give rise to gender inequalities in our society. Usually men have more power than women because of these gender norms/roles
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Feminist Theory
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Concerned with the way that society is gendered in that there is unequal power between men and women. Specifically, the fact that men have more power than women. These differences are socially constructed by gender norms and ideals.
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What is Feminism concerned with?
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- Gender inequalities
- Society being exploitative (taking advantage) of women - Often aligned with Marxism (inequality) |
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What is the key concept of Feminism?
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Patriarchy
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What is patriarchy?
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A system of power where males dominate households.
For example, the father is the ruler/master of the home traditionally. Therefore he has the power to tell the women what to do |
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How do feminists view patriarchy?
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They see society itself as being patriarchal, in that it is organized in a way that women have less power socially, economically and politically.
They also believe that the results of this patriarchy in society leads to obvious inequality. Unequal education, income, etc. Women are at a disadvantage. |
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How does patriarchy affect women's health?
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- Rape and violence
- Caregiver burnout/stress - Medicalization of their bodies - Eating disorders - Lower income & education (negative health impacts) |
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What is idealized/hegemonic masculinity?
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Associated with strength, aggression, independence, virility, toughness, personal success, wealth, control over emotions.
The "ideal" male. A "manly" man |
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How does hegemonic masculinity affect men?
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- They are less likely to go to the doctor
- Less likely to open up - More likely to engage in risky health behaviours - Less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviours ("men don't diet") |
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What does feminist theory generally focus on?
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Feminist theory focuses on gender inequalities and examines how masculinity and femininity norms result in differing health issues for men and women
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What is the healthy immigrant effect?
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When immigrants arrive they seem to have better health than others because they bring that with them and they are new. But once they are immersed and living in their new locations for a while, their health status reflects that of the new place they are living
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What kind of issues that lead to health problems to immigrants face?
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- Unemployment
- Poverty - Lack of access to services - Stress - Mental health problems - Poor socioeconomic status Immigrant and refugee WOMEN are the most likely! More barriers due to gender (Social Determinant!) |
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What is the cultural shift regarding body image?
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Men are starting to become more dissatisfied with bodies. Just like women have been.
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What are the parts of the Human Rights and Anti-Racism frameworks?
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- It is the research and social action that focuses on taking care of health inequalities at local and global levels
- The idea that health is considered to be a basic right. So why doesn't everyone have the same? - The notion that poor health is a product of exclusion due to racism, discrimination, poverty, sexism... - Argues that in order for us to understand health inequalities we must consider the impact of social exclusion due to racism and human rights - Calls for social justice! We want fair! - Better understand racialized groups, especially Aboriginals, immigrants |
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What is race?
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A term (that has no scientific basis) that uses skin colour and appearance (facial features) to group together a biologically distinct group of humans. As a social construct it is used to determine who is superior/inferior.
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What are racialized groups?
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Visible minorities
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What is racism?
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Beliefs and actions that are used to discriminate against a biologically distinct group of people
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Who are Aboriginals?
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- Describes all original people of North America and their descendants
- First Nations, Inuits, Metis are some examples - 4% of our pop |
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What are the health inequalities that Aboriginals face?
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- Lower life expectancies
- Higher infant mortality rates - Higher rates of HIV/AIDS, diabetes, cancer, suicide, accidental deaths, drug and alc use - Lack of access to health care |
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What are the health inequalities of Aboriginals linked to?
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Economic and social conditions as well as their history of oppression (abuse) and marginalization (treated as insignificant)
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What are the economic and social conditions of Aboriginals?
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- High poverty
- High unemployment - Lower education - Higher suicide rates |
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What is Colonialism?
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The forced relocation, take over, maintenance, exploitation of the new people to the land over the aboriginals of Canada.
- Lost land and resources - Creation of reserves - Placement into residential schools - Cultural suppression - Forced assimilation - Subject to racist attitudes Colonialism is a terrible part of history for our country. |
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What were the tools of Colonialism used on Aboriginals?
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- Disease
- Religion - Moral superiority - "Discovery" - Might - Law and policy |
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What was the importance of the 1867 Indian Act?
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This was a push to "civilize" First Nations people into regular culture and society. Very controlling of the lives of Aboriginals
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What were the 4 key policies of the Indian Act?
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- Residential schools established
- Defining who is/is not Indian (Gov't defined Indian "status") - Imposed system of Govt - Reserve system created |
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What were Aboriginals prohibited from doing?
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- Voting
- Sitting on juries - Being conscripted during time of war - Holding religious ceremonies - Possessing liquor - Loitering in pool rooms - Groups of 3+ - Hiring a lawyer - Owning property - Leaving reserve without a pass |
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Why were residential schools created?
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- To END the Indian problem
- Prepare aboriginal children for life in white society - KILL THE INDIAN IN THE CHILD |
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How did residential schools work?
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- Funded by fed. govt
- You had to legally send your indian child of under 16 - Children were forcibly removed from families |
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How were the residential schools related to the health of Aboriginal children?
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- Poor sanitation
- Lack of medical care - Tuberculosis, children were dying - Overcrowded - Emotional, physical and sexual abuse - Forced manual labour, very little education |
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How did residential schools work to get rid of culture?
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- Children forbidden to speak their language
- No practicing of their traditions and beliefs |
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What were there residential schools referred to as?
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A form of cultural genocide
Due to the loss of language and culture and long lasting health consequences. |
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What is population aging?
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Increase in the proportion of individuals 65+ compared to the other age groups
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When is a population considered old?
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When 10% of the pop or more is 60+
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Why do populations age?
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1. Increased longevity (higher life expectancy)
2. Decreased fertility (no newbies being born) |
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Who are the baby boomers?
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People born between 1946 and 1965. Period of productivity and wealth
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When will all baby boomers be 65+?
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By 2013
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What are the health care implications of population aging?
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- Death causes are changing with new tech and interventions
- People can expect to live longer and in better health - Health later in your life is mediated by your resources - Most older adults will only have minor problems |
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What are the economic implications of population aging?
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- Increases in health care and pension costs
- Decrease in education and daycare costs - Increased need for nursing and home care |
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What are the social implications of population aging?
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- More generational overlap
- Caregiver needs will change (babies --> elderly) - Nature of old age is changing (more opportunities for old people, ageism increase and obsession with youthful people) |
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What is the apocalyptic demography?
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The fear that population aging will have bad social and economic consequences. That it will crash our health care system, for instance. Use up all our resources and services leaving the youth with nothing
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What is ageism?
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Systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old. Based on perceived or actual chronological age of a person
The tendency to equate old age with negative stereotypes Homogenize the group of older adults as "the other". |
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What are the levels of ageism?
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1. Discrimination of older by younger
2. Discriminatory attitudes of older adults to themselves and their peers 3. Discriminatory policies and practices |
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What is an example of discrimination of old by young?
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- Neg. stereotypes
- Prejudice and judgement |
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What is an example of discrimination of old to old?
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- Accepting negative stereotypes
- Negative towards themselves and others |
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What are examples of agist policies and practices?
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1. Under servicing
2. Lack of services 3. Ignoring that pop 4. Hiring practices |
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What are the causes of ageism?
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- Fear of old age and dying
- Social emphasis on youth and being/looking/acting young |
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What are some of the negative stereotypes toward old people?
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- Frail and sick
- Unattractive - Dependent and always need help - Useless - Grumpy - Burdensome - Boring - Stubborn - Asexual - Senile/confused |
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What are some positive stereotypes toward old people?
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- Wise
- Serene - Peaceful - Cute, sweet, little - Good neighbours - Grandparent-y |
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What are the implications (consequences) of ageism?
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1. Stereotypes may influence expectations of and reactions to older people
2. Stereotypes may reinforce the fear of aging/dying in young people 3. Stereotypes may be internalized by elderly affecting their behaviour and thoughts about themselves 4. Stereotypes enable younger people to discriminate and view them as the "other" |
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What are the impacts of ageism on the old people?
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- Downplay their symptoms and signs of illness as normal parts of aging
- Dont engage in preventative/aggressive treatment "whats the point?" |
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How does ageism impact health care professionals?
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•Discount or trivialize medical problems of older adults (attribute them to ‘natural’ aging)
•Not suggest preventive measures or provide aggressive treatments •Use derogatory names to label older patients •Communicate with family members rather than with the older adult •Use infantilizing language (‘baby talk’) •Not discuss certain issues with older adults → sexuality, mental health, death and dying |
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What is Symbolic Interactionism?
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The idea that humans create reality through their actions and the meanings they give to them.
Thus, society is the combined effect of human action, interactions and all the interpretations |
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What is Symbolic Interactionism concerned with?
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- Concerned with the social construct of reality (rather than the structural side of it)
- Focused on individual experience |
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What is disease?
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A biological condition (problem with the body) that gets diagnosed by a medical professional
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What is illness?
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The subjective (individual) response to a disease. It is how people actually experience their disease and being sick
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What is the Symbolic Interactionist role of health care professionals?
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Doesn't specifically focus on health care professionals other than their experiences of working with sick individuals or how they help influence individuals’ own experiences of illness
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What are the underlying assumptions of Symbolic Interactionism?
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- Human act on the base of meaning rather than instinct
- These meanings come from interactions with others (in the moment, before and after interaction) - Individuals interpret these meanings - We develop a sense of identity through interactions with others |
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What is the key concept of Symbolic Interactionism?
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Stigma
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What is stigma?
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A physical or social trait, such as a disability or criminal record that results in negative social reactions, such as discrimination and exclusion
A discrediting attribute |
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What are the 3 kinds of stigma?
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1. Abominations (disgrace) of the body (different body types, body problems)
2. Blemishes of individual character (criminal record, a liar, cheater, negative characteristics) 3. Tribal stigma of race, religion, and nation |
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What is an example of a common stigma?
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Mental Illness
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What are some types of mental illness?
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Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia
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Why is there stigma associated with mental illness?
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There are barriers to treatment and inclusion, people don't know about it, people don't talk about it. It's often misinterpreted and misunderstood. It is often forgotten because it isn't always obvious
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Which is the most stigmatized disorder?
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Schizophrenia
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What is the schizophrenia stigma associated with? Results?
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- Loss of social contacts and relationships because people think you're crazy and not trustworthy/safe
- Discrimination. They get evicted from where they live, fired from jobs, accused of criminal behaviours, treated poorly by health care professionals |
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Why don't people with mental illness get help?
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Because of the stigma associated.
◦2/3 did not seek professional help, despite experiencing considerable difficulties ◦Students were fearful of being found out, judged, and discriminated against ◦Some thought they would be assumed to be lying or seeking out ‘special privileges’ |
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What is acute illness? Examples?
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An illness that develops quickly and is short-lived
Cold, flu, ear infection |
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What is chronic illness? Examples?
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An illness that is ongoing, often lasts a lifetime, and has no known cure
Heart disease, cancer |
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What are the most chronic illnesses?
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Cardiovascular disease (heart disease, stroke), cancer, diabetes and respiratory disease.
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What is the medical definition of chronic illness?
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- Disease and illness are located within the body
- Disease is caused by malfunctioning, abnormal, or anomalous bodily structures or functions Follows the biomedical model... |
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What is the social definition of chronic illness?
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Disease and illness are socially constructed: ‘Malfunctioning’, ‘abnormal’, or ‘anomalous’ bodily structures or functions may be viewed as healthy or unhealthy depending on context
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What does the social definition of chronic illness depend on?
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A. Diverse cultural meanings of illness and disease
B. The experience of illness is socially constructed |
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What are diverse cultural meanings of illness and disease?
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•Different groups of individuals define health and illness differently
•How we understand and what we call ‘illness’ varies according to the historical time period, geographical location, the group(s) we affiliate with, etc… Could be a contested illness. Doctors don't believe it, patients fight to justify that they are actually going through something |
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What is the experience of illness as socially constructed concept?
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•Different people may have the same illness but can experience and perceive it differently
•The experience of illness is determined not only by biological symptoms, but also by many contextual and individual factors (e.g. Social economic status, gender, age, anility, etc…) Example could be osteoporosis. Young and old people were perceive it differently |
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What are the most common kinds of disability?
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Pain, mobility, and loss of agility
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What are the two key definitions of disability?
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1. Disability as individual pathology: The medical model of disability
2. Disability as social pathology: The social model of disability |
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What is disability as an individual pathology?
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Relates to the biomedical model.
- Located within the body, broken part of the body that impacts the functioning of the body - Ind pathology requires intervention to help the problem |
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What are the critiques of the medical model regarding disability?
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1. Focusing on individual and pathological interventions to "fix them" ignore any necessary societal interventions
2. It narrows down the definition of normalcy and functioning 3. Makes disability look negative and deviant --> creates stigma and stereotypes |
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What is the social model of disability?
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- Draws the line between the impairment (physical) and the disability (social)
- Sees disability as a result of discrimination that isolates and excludes disabled people from society and full function - Social life doesnt accomodate differences therefore people with disabilities are isolated and excluded from many things - Disability is relational, universal and socially constructed |
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What are critiques of the social model of disability?
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- Undermines physical aspects of pain and discomfort
- Doesn't focus on much personal experience, more political and environmental aspects |
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What are the key assumptions of Postmodernism?
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1. Reality is a social construct (there is no such thing as "truth"...everything is subjective/individual perspectives)
2. There are no universal structural determinants of health (nothing like class conflict, patriarchy, racism, inequality) 3. Role of sociology is to examine “how truth claims about the world are socially constructed” (Focuses on subjectivity and big emphasis on individual agency) |
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What is the focus of a Postmodernism approach?
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To focus on the nature/essence of knowledge
It tries to critique/uncover/challenge taken-for-granted assumptions about reality (including notions of knowledge and ‘truth’) |
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What is the key concept of Postmodernism?
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Discourse
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What is discourse?
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– Discourse = systems of thought, ideas images, the rules and structure of language itself.
- Within society there are many different competing discourses (that have differing truth claims) |
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Why are discourses important?
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- They are the heart to the social construction of reality, they give meaning to our world
- They tell us a lot about the person who uses it (what are their ideological assumptions?) - Discourses are a form of power. Those who are of the most common thoughts/ideas/discourses have more power |
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What are the strengths of Postmodernism?
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- More emphasis on taken-for-granted assumptions
- Directs attention to the power of language and social construction - Allows for multiple truth claims to exist |
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What are the critiques of Postmodernism?
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- If everything is relative and there is no 'truth', social change is hard to come by. Could be unstable a little wishy washy
- These theories are often inaccessible and willfully difficult |
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What is sociology of the environment?
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“How humans (their cultures, values, and behaviours) affect the physical environment and how the physical environment affects human activities.
A mutually influential relationship |
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What does sociology of the environment focus on?
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- Unintended consequences of human action on the environment
- Influence of the environment on humanity (including our health) - Social policies around the environment |
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What are the competing discourses regarding the environment?
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• Government
• Industry • Environmental activists • Scientists, etc. These different groups have different thoughts, theories and assumptions |
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How is Weberianism linked to the environment?
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- McDonaldization: ➢ Emphasis on profits at the expense of quality of food, the health of the environment, the health of individuals, etc. Use of pesticides and marketing.
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How is Marxism (conflict theory) linked to the environment?
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- People in the poorer classes are more likely to be exposed to environmental toxins, live in contaminated areas, purchase poor quality food, have unsafe drinking water, etc…
Upper classes exploite the lower, making horrible working environments, inflicting poor health on others. Greater concern with business and profit than the health and safety of people |
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What are the 3 factors of Risk Assessment?
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1. Estimate how hazardous a particular chemical, toxin, etc. is
2. Calculate likelihood of exposure 3. Estimate potential for harm if exposed |
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What is Risk Assessment?
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➢ Process of identifying ‘hazards’ and potential outcomes, and then determining what is considered to be “an acceptable risk”
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What is the precautionary principle?
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- Alternative way of setting policy (‘better safe than sorry’)
- If there is the potential for harm (even without scientific evidence), governments should intervene (remove product from market or impose restrictions) |
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How is anti-racism and human rights linked to the environment?
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Through environmental racism
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What is environmental racism?
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A term used to describe how disadvantaged communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental health factors and disasters brought about by government and/or industrial policies
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How is feminism linked to the environment?
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Through ecofeminism
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What is ecofeminism?
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A social/political movement that considers environmental degradation to be related to/an extension of patriarchy, racism, etc.
➢ The interconnected oppressions of gender, ‘race’ or ethnicity, class, and nature ➢ Calls for a rethinking of our relationship with nature |
