Health Mid Term

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health disparities

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differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality and burden of disease and other health conditions among specific population groups

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health

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the ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions

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wellness

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the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions

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Medical Model

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A view of health in which health status focuses primarily on the individual and a biological or diseased organ perspective

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Ecological or Public Health Model

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A view of health in which disease and other negative health events are seen as a result of an individual's interactions with his or her social physical environment

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morbidity

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the relative incidence of disease

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mortality

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the proportion of deaths to population

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mental health

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the thinking part of psychosocial health includes your values, attitudes and beliefs

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healthy life expectancy

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the number of years a newborn can expect to live in hull health, based on current rates of illness and mortality

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sex

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the biological and physiological aspects that make an individual a male or female

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gender

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the socially accepted roles and attributes of being male or female

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health promotion

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combined educational, organizational, policy, financial, and environmental supports to help people reduce negative health behaviors and promote positive change

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risk behaviors

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actions that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes

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disease prevention

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actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick

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primary prevention

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actions designed to stop problems before they start

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secondary prevention

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intervention early in the development of a health problem

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tertiary prevention

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treatment or rehabilitation efforts

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incidence

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the number of new cases

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prevalence

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the number of existing cases

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Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES)

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An academically trained health educator who has passed a national competency examination for prevention and intervention programming

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cultural competency

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a set of congruent attitudes and policies that come together in a system or among individuals and enables effective work in cross cultural situations

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belief

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appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object, action, or idea

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attitude

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relatively stable set of beliefs, feelings and behavioral tendencies in relation to something or someone

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Health Belief Model (HBM)

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Model for explaining how beliefs may influences behaviors

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self-efficacy

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belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully

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locus of control

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the "location", external or internal, an individual perceives as the source and underlying cause of events in his or her life

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situational inducement

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Attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are structured to exert control over that behavior

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positive reinforcement

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presenting something positive following a behavior that is being reinforced

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self talk

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the customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself which can impact you self image

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psychosocial health

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the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health

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mental health

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the thinking part of psychosocial health; includes values attitudes and beliefs

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emotional helath

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the feeling part of psychosocial health; includes your emotional reaction to life

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emotions

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intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings we constantly experience

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social health

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aspect of psychosocial health that includes interactions with others, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations

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social bonds

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degree and nature of interpersonal contacts

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social support

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network of people and services with whom you share ties and support

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situational inducement

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Attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are structured to exert control over that behavior

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positive reinforcement

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presenting something positive following a behavior that is being reinforced

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self talk

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the customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself which can impact you self image

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psychosocial health

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the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health

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mental health

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the thinking part of psychosocial health; includes values attitudes and beliefs

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emotional helath

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the feeling part of psychosocial health; includes your emotional reaction to life

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emotions

Back 43

intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings we constantly experience

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social health

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aspect of psychosocial health that includes interactions with others, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations

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social bonds

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degree and nature of interpersonal contacts

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social support

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network of people and services with whom you share ties and support

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prejudice

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a negative evaluation of an entire group of people based on unfavorable ideas about the group

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spirituality

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a belief in a unifying force that gives meaning to life and transcends the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence

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interconnectedness

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a web of connections, including out relationship to ourselves, to others and to a larger meaning or purpose in life.

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mindfulness

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awareness and acceptance of the reality of the present moment

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altruism

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the act of giving of oneself out of genuine concern for others

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dysfunctional families

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families in which there is violence; physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative family interactions

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self-efficacy

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the belief that one is capable of successfully achieving a goal

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self esteem

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send os self respect or self worth

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learned helplessness

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pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated failure in the past

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learned optimism

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teaching oneself to think optimistically

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insomnia

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difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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the science that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior and how this affects the body's immune system

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subjective well-being

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that uplifting feeling of inner peace and wonder that we call happiness

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mental illnesses

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disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors, and that impair daily functioning

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chronic mood disorder

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experience of persistent emotional states, such as sadness, despair, and hopelessness

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major depressive disorder

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severe depression that entails chronic mood disorder, physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate

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dysthymic disorder

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a less severe type of depression that is milder, chronic, harder to recognize, and often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or a short temper

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bipolar disorder

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form of mood disorder characterized by alternating mania and depression

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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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a type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low

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anxiety disorders

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disorders characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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a constant sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, tension and other symptoms

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panic attack

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severe anxiety reaction in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons, causes terror

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phobia

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a deep and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the source of the fear

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social phobia

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a phobia characterized by fear and avoidance of social situations

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obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

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a form of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors

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post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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a collection of symptoms that may occur as a delayed response to a serious trauma

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personality disorders

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a class of mental disorders that are characterized by inflexible patterns of thought and beliefs that lead to socially distressing behavior

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schizophrenia

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a mental illness with biological origins that is characterized by irrational behavior, severe alterations of the senses, and often an inability to function in society

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stress

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the experience of a perceived threat (real or imagined) to one's well being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptions

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stressor

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a physical, social, or psychological event or condition that we perceive challenges or threatens us and that produces a stress response

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strain

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the wear and tear sustained by the body and mind in adjusting to or resisting a stressor

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eustress

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stress that presents opportunities for personal growth; positive stress

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distress

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stress that can have a detrimental effect on health; negative stress

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fight or flight response

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physiological arousal response in which the body prepares to combat or escape a real or perceived threat

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homeostasis

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a balanced physiological state in which all the body's systems function smoothly

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adaptive response

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form of adjustment in which the body attempts to restore homeostasis

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general adaptions syndrome (GAS)

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the pattern followed in the physiological response to stress, consisting of the alarm, resistance and exhaustion phases

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autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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the portion of the central nervous system regulating body functions that a person does not normally consciously control

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sympathetic nervous system

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brance of the autonomic nervous sytem responsible for stress arousal

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parasympathetic nervous system

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branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for slowing systems stimulated by the stress response

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hypothalamus

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a structure in the brain that controls the sympathetic nervous system and directs the stress response

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epinephrine

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also called adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates body systems in response to stress

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cortisol

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hormone released by the adrenal glands that makes stored nutrients more readily available to meet energy demands

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allostatic load

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wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress responses

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immunocompetence

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the ability of the immune system to respond to assults

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overload

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a condition in which a person feels overly pressured by demands

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burnout

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a state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress

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background distressors

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environmental stressors of which people are often unaware

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appraisal

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the interpretation and evaluation of information provided to the brain by the senses

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suicidal ideation

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a desire to die and thoughts about suicide

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hostility

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the cognitive, affective, and behavioral tendencies toward anger and cynicism

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psychological hardiness

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a personality trait characterized by control, commitment, and challenge

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psychological stress

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stress caused by being in an environment perceived to be beyond one's control and endangering one's well-being

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stress inoculation

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stress-management technique in which a person consciously tries to prepare ahead of time for potential stressors

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cognitive restructuring

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the modification of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs that contribute to stress

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sympathomimetics

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food substances that can produce stress-like physiological responses

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procrastination

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the act of intentionally putting off or avoiding doing something that needs to be done

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meditation

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a relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration

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visualization

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the creation of mental images to promote relaxation

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hypnosis

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a process that allows people to become unusually responsive to suggestion

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biofeedback

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a technique using a machine to self monitor physical responses to stress

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mindfulness

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the ability to be fully present in the moment

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cardiovascular disease

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disease of the heart and blood vessels

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sudden cardiac death

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death that occurs as a result of abrupt, profound loss of heart function

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cardiovascular system

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organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body

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atria

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the hearts two upper chambers, which receive blood

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ventricles

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the heart's two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels

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arteries

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vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body

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arterioles

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branches of the arteries

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capillaries

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minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules; their thin walls permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells

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biofeedback

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a technique using a machine to self monitor physical responses to stress

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mindfulness

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the ability to be fully present in the moment

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cardiovascular disease

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disease of the heart and blood vessels

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sudden cardiac death

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death that occurs as a result of abrupt, profound loss of heart function

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cardiovascular system

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organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body

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atria

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the hearts two upper chambers, which receive blood

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ventricles

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the heart's two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels

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arteries

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vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body

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arterioles

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branches of the arteries

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capillaries

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minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules; their thin walls permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells

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biofeedback

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a technique using a machine to self monitor physical responses to stress

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mindfulness

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the ability to be fully present in the moment

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cardiovascular disease

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disease of the heart and blood vessels

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sudden cardiac death

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death that occurs as a result of abrupt, profound loss of heart function

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cardiovascular system

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organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels, that transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body

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atria

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the hearts two upper chambers, which receive blood

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ventricles

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the heart's two lower chambers, which pump blood through the blood vessels

Front 134

arteries

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vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body

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arterioles

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branches of the arteries

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capillaries

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minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles and venules; their thin walls permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells

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veins

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vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body

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venules

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branches of the veins

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myocardial infarction

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also known as a heart attack. it is a blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart

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congestive heart failure

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an abnormal cadiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissue

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congenital heart disease

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heart disease the is present at birth

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high density lipoproteins

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compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body's cells and cause the cholesterol to build up on artery walls

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high density lipoproteins

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compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolism and elimination from the body

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triglycerides

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the most common form of lipid in the body excess calories are converted into triglycerides and stored as body fat

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hypertension

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sustained elevated blood pressure

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metabolic syndrome

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a group of metabolic conditions occuring together that increase a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

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electrocardiogram (ECG)

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a record of the electrical activity of the heart; may be measured during a stress test

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cancer

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a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

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tumor

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a neoplasmic mass that grows more paridly than surrounding tissue

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neoplasm

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a new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled abnormal cellular development

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malignant

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very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor

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benign

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harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor

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biopsy

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microscopic examination of tissue to determine if a cancer is present

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mutant cells

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cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells

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carcinogens

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cancer causing agents

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oncogenes

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suspected cancer-causing genes present on chromosomes

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asymptomatic

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having a disease but no symptoms

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pap test

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a procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal cellular activity

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computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan

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a device that uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an image of internal tissues of the body from diagnostic purposes without the use of radiation

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radiotherapy

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the use of radiation to kill cancerous cells

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chemotherapy

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the use of drugs to kill cancerous cells

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immunotherapy

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a treatment process that stimulates the body's own immune system to combat cancer cells