Health & Medicine

Front 1

allergy (n)

('aledschi)

Back 1

(pl. -ies) allergy (to sth)
a medical condition that causes you to react badly or feel ill / sick when you eat or touch a particular substance
e.g. I have an allergy to animal hair.

Front 2

immune system

Back 2

= Immunsystem

Front 3

diaper (n)

Back 3

(NAmE) = nappy

e.g. a diaper rash

= Windel

Front 4

mimic (v) / (n)

--> mimicking

Back 4

verb (-ck-):

1) to copy the way sb speaks, moves, behaves, etc., especially in order to make other people laugh
e.g. She’s always mimicking the teachers
e.g. He mimicked her southern accent
= nachäffen
= nachmachen

2) to look or behave like sth else
SYN = to imitate
e.g. The robot was programmed to mimic a series of human movements
= nachmachen

noun:

a person or an animal that can copy the voice, movements, etc. of others

= Imitator

Front 5

antibody (n)

Back 5

(pl. -ies) a substance that the body produces in the blood to fight disease, or as a reaction when certain substances are put into the body

= Antikörper
= Abwehrstoff

Front 6

hay (n)

(hey)

Back 6

1) grass that has been cut and dried and is used as food for animals
e.g. a bale of hay
= Heu

2) (NAmE, informal) a small amount of money

Front 7

the reverse was true

Back 7

= das Gegenteil war richtig

Front 8

one limitation of the study

Back 8

= eine Einschränkung der Studie

e.g. one limitation of the study is that it measured disease and exposure simultaneously and thus shows only part of the picture.

Front 9

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 9

= Magnetresonanztomographie

(medical) magnetic resonance imaging (a method of using a strong magnetic field to produce an image of the inside of a person’s body)

e.g. an MRI scan

Front 10

ankle (n)

('änkl)

Back 10

the joint connecting the foot to the leg

e.g. to sprain / break your ankle
e.g. My ankles have swollen
e.g. We found ourselves ankle-deep in water
e.g. ankle boots (= that cover the ankle)

= Knöchel
= Fussgelenk

Front 11

toe (n)

('tou)

Back 11

1) one of the five small parts that stick out from the foot
e.g. the big / little toe (= the largest / smallest toe)
e.g. I stubbed my toe on the step
= Zehen

2) the part of a sock, shoe, etc. that covers the toes

3) -toed (in adjectives) having the type or number of toes mentioned
e.g. open-toed sandals
e.g. a three-toed sloth (= Faultier)

Front 12

sloth

('slouf)

Back 12

1) an American animal that lives in trees and moves very slowly
= Faultier

2) (formal) the bad habit of being lazy and unwilling to work
= Faulheit

Front 13

thumb (n) / (v)

('famb)

Back 13

noun:

1) the short thick finger at the side of the hand, slightly apart from the other four
e.g. She still sucks her thumb when she’s worried
= Daumen

2) the part of a glove (=Handschuh) that covers the thumb
e.g. There’s a hole in the thumb

verb:

1) to make a signal with your thumb to passing drivers to ask them to stop and take you somewhere
e.g. He had thumbed all across Europe
e.g. We managed to thumb a lift / ride with a truck driver

2) to touch or move sth with your thumb
e.g. She thumbed off the safety catch of her pistol

Front 14

cortex (n) (sing)

('kortex)

cortices (n) (pl)

('kotisiis)

Back 14

(anatomy) the outer layer of an organ in the body, especially the brain

the cerebral / renal cortex (= around the brain / kidney)

Front 15

kidney (n)

('kidni)

Back 15

1) either of the two organs in the body that remove waste products from the blood and produce urine
e.g. a kidney infection

2) the kidneys of some animals that are cooked and eaten
e.g. steak and kidney pie

= Niere

Front 16

pandemic (n) / (adj)

(paan'demic)

Back 16

a disease that spreads over a noun:

whole country or the whole world

= Pandemie¨

adjective:

e.g. a pandemic disease

Front 17

vaccinate (v)

('vaxsineit)

Back 17

[often passive] vaccinate sb (against sth)

to give a person or an animal a vaccine (=Impfstoff), especially by injecting it, in order to protect them against a disease

e.g. I was vaccinated against tetanus

= impfen


noun = vaccination = Impfung
e.g. Make sure your vaccinations are up to date
e.g. vaccination against typhoid

Front 18

vaccine (n)

('vaxsin)

Back 18

a substance that is put into the blood and that protects the body from a disease

e.g. a measles (Masern) vaccine
e.g. There is no vaccine against HIV infection

Front 19

measles (n)

('miisels)

Back 19

an infectious disease, especially of children, that causes fever and small red spots that cover the whole body

= Masern

Front 20

susceptible (adj)

(sö'septebel)

Back 20

1) [not usually before noun] susceptible (to sb/sth)
very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth
e.g. He’s highly susceptible to flattery (=Schmeichelei)
e.g. Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others
e.g. Salt intake may lead to raised blood pressure in susceptible adults
e.g. For high risk adults - those with underlying medical conditions that make them more susceptible to severe outcomes from influenza infection - coverage ranged from 10 47 percent across the country
= anfällig
= empfindlich

2) easily influenced by feelings and emotions
SYN = impressionable
e.g. She was both charming and susceptible

3) susceptible (of sth) (formal)
allowing sth; capable of sth
e.g. Is this situation not susceptible of improvement by legislation?

Front 21

obese (adj)

Back 21

(formal or medical) (of people) very fat, in a way that is not healthy

noun = obesity

Front 22

indisputable (adj)

('indispjutebl)

Back 22

that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied
SYN = undeniable

e.g. indisputable evidence
e.g. an indisputable fact
e.g. It is indisputable that the crime rate has been rising

= unbestreitbar
= unumstritten
= eindeutig

Front 23

nutrient (n)

('njutrient)

Back 23

(technical) a substance that is needed to keep a living thing alive and to help it to grow

e.g. a lack of essential nutrients
e.g. Plants draw minerals and other nutrients from the soil
e.g. children suffering from a serious nutrient deficiency

= Nährstoff

Front 24

bowel (n)

('bauel)

Back 24

1) the tube along which food passes after it has been through the stomach, especially the end where waste is collected before it is passed out of the body
e.g. (medical) to empty / move / open your bowels (= to pass solid waste out of the body)
e.g. bowel cancer / cancer of the bowel

= Darm
= Eingeweide

2) the bowels of sth [pl.] (literary) the part that is deepest inside sth
e.g. A rumble came from the bowels of the earth (= deep underground)

Front 25

liver (n)

Back 25

1) a large organ in the body that cleans the blood and produces bile (= Galle)

2) the liver of some animals that is cooked and eaten
e.g. liver and onions
e.g. chicken livers

= Leber

Front 26

pancreas (n)

('pankriis)

Back 26

an organ near the stomach that produces insulin and a liquid that helps the body to digest food

= Bauchspeicheldrüse

Front 27

tissue (n)

Back 27

1) (also tis·sues [pl.]) a collection of cells that form the different parts of humans, animals and plants
= Gewebe

2) a piece of soft paper that absorbs liquids, used especially as a handkerchief
e.g. a box of tissues

3) (also 'tissue paper) [U] very thin paper used for wrapping and packing things that break easily

Front 28

stem cell

Back 28

= Stammzelle

Front 29

embryonic (adj)

Back 29

1) (formal) in an early stage of development
e.g. The plan, as yet, only exists in embryonic form

2) (technical) of an embryo
e.g. embryonic cells

Front 30

induce (v)

Back 30

1) (formal) to persuade or influence sb to do sth
e.g. Nothing would induce me to take the job
= veranlassen

2) (formal) to cause sth
e.g. drugs which induce sleep
e.g. a drug-induced coma
= verursachen
= herbeiführen
= auslösen

3) (medical) to make a woman start giving birth to her baby by giving her special drugs
e.g. an induced labour
e.g. We’ll have to induce her

Front 31

cure (v) / (n)

Back 31

verb:

1) cure sb (of sth)
to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness
e.g. Will you be able to cure him, Doctor?
= heilen

2) to make an illness go away
e.g. TB is a serious illness, but it can be cured

3) to deal with a problem successfully
e.g. I finally managed to cure the rattling noise in my car

4) cure sb of sth to stop sb from behaving in a particular way, especially a way that is bad or annoying

5) to treat food or tobacco with smoke, salt, etc. in order to preserve it

noun:

1) cure (for sth) a medicine or medical treatment that cures an illness
e.g. the search for a cure for cancer
e.g. There is no known cure but the illness can be treated

2) the act of curing sb of an illness or the process of being cured
e.g. Doctors cannot effect a cure if the disease has spread too far
e.g. The cure took six weeks

3) cure (for sth) something that will solve a problem, improve a bad situation, etc.
e.g. a cure for poverty

Front 32

drawback (n)

Back 32

drawback (of / to sth) | drawback (of / to doing sth)

a disadvantage or problem that makes sth a less attractive idea

SYN = disadvantage
SYN = snag

e.g. The main drawback to it is the cost
e.g. This is the one major drawback of the new system

Front 33

decease (n)

(di'siis)

Back 33

(law or formal) the death of a person

= Tod

Front 34

deceased (adj)

Back 34

1) dead
e.g. her deceased parents
e.g. transplanting islet cells from deceased donors (=Spender) can result in rejection
= verstorben
= tot

2) the deceased noun (pl. the deceased) a person who has died, especially recently

Front 35

donor (n)

('douner)

Back 35

1) a person or an organization that makes a gift of money, clothes, food, etc. to a charity, etc.
e.g. international aid donors (= countries which give money, etc. to help other countries)
e.g. She is one of the charity’s main donors

2) a person who gives blood or a part of his or her body to be used by doctors in medical treatment
e.g. a blood donor
e.g. The heart transplant will take place as soon as a suitable donor can be found
e.g. donor organs
e.g. a donor card (= a card that you carry giving permission for doctors to use parts of your body after your death)

Front 36

skim (v)

Back 36

1) skim (sth off / from) sth to remove fat, cream, etc. from the surface of a liquid
e.g. Skim the scum off the jam and let it cool
e.g. Skim the jam and let it cool

2) [no passive] skim (along / over, etc.) sth to move quickly and lightly over a surface, not touching it or only touching it occasionally; to make sth do this
e.g. We watched the birds skimming over the lake

3) skim (through / over) sth to read sth quickly in order to find a particular point or the main points
e.g. He skimmed through the article trying to find his name
e.g. I always skim the financial section of the newspaper

4) (informal) to steal small amounts of money frequently over a period of time

5) to illegally copy electronic information from a credit card in order to use it without the owner’s permission

Front 37

offset (v) / (adj)

Back 37

1) offset sth (against sth)
to use one cost, payment or situation in order to cancel or reduce the effect of another
e.g. Prices have risen in order to offset the increased cost of materials
e.g. (BrE) What expenses can you offset against tax?
= ausgleichen
= kompensieren
= wett machen

adjective:

[only before noun]
used to describe a method of printing in which ink is put onto a metal plate, then onto a rubber surface and only then onto the paper

Front 38

vending machine (n)

Back 38

= Warenautomat
= Verkaufsautomat
= Münzautomat

e.g. Extending the tax to restaurants and vending machines would generate more tax revenue and perhaps greater weight losses

Front 39

prevention (n)

Back 39

the act of stopping sth bad from happening

e.g. accident / crime prevention
e.g. the prevention of disease
e.g. a fire prevention officer

= Vorbeugung
= Prävention
= Verhütung

Front 40

whoop (n) / (v)

('wuup)

Back 40

noun:

1) a loud cry expressing joy, excitement, etc.
e.g. whoops of delight (=Freude)

verb:

to shout loudly because you are happy or excited
= schreien
= jauchzen

Front 41

whooping cough (n)

Back 41

= Keuchhusten
= Stickhusten

Front 42

poll (n) / (v)

Back 42

noun:

1) the process of questioning people who are representative of a larger group in order to get information about the general opinion
SYN = survey
e.g. to carry out / conduct a poll
e.g. A recent poll suggests some surprising changes in public opinion
= Umfrage
= Meinungsumfrage
= Befragung

2) the process of voting at an election; the process of counting the votes
e.g. The final result of the poll will be known tomorrow
e.g. Thursday is traditionally the day when Britain goes to the polls (= when elections are held)
= Abstimmung

3) the number of votes given in an election
SYN = ballot
e.g. Labour is ahead in the poll
e.g. They gained 20% of the poll
= Stimmenauszählung

verb:

1) to receive a particular number of votes in an election
e.g. They polled 39% of the vote in the last election
e.g. The Republicans have polled well (= received many votes) in recent elections
= Wahlstimmen erhalten

2) [usually passive] to ask a large number of members of the public what they think about sth
SYN = to survey
e.g. Over 50% of those polled were against the proposed military action.
= befragen
= Umfrage machen

Front 43

pathogen (n)

('pafetschen)

Back 43

(technical) a thing that causes disease

= Krankheitserreger
= Erreger

Front 44

contagious (adj)

(gon'täitsches)

Back 44

1) a contagious disease spreads by people touching each other
e.g. Scarlet fever is highly contagious
e.g. (figurative) His enthusiasm was contagious (= spread quickly to other people)
e.g. a contagious laugh

2) [not usually before noun] if a person is contagious, they have a disease that can be spread to other people by touch

= ansteckend
= übertragbar

Front 45

unveil (v)

('anväil)

Back 45

1) to remove a cover or curtain from a painting, statue, etc. so that it can be seen in public for the first time
e.g. The Queen unveiled a plaque to mark the official opening of the hospital
= enthüllen
= aufdecken

2) to show or introduce a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time
SYN = to reveal
e.g. They will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show
= aufdecken
= bekannt geben
= vorstellen
= enthüllen

Front 46

vicious (adj)

('wisches)

Back 46

1) violent and cruel
SYN = brutal
e.g. a vicious attack
e.g. a vicious criminal
e.g. She has a vicious temper

2) (of animals) aggressive and dangerous
e.g. a vicious dog

3) (of an attack, criticism, etc.) full of hatred and anger
e.g. She wrote me a vicious letter

4) (informal) very bad or severe
e.g. a vicious headache
e.g. a vicious spiral of rising prices

Front 47

treadmill (n)

Back 47

1) work or a way of life that is boring or tiring because it involves always doing the same things
e.g. I’d like to escape the office treadmill

2) (especially in the past) a large wheel turned by the weight of people or animals walking on steps around its inside edge, and used to operate machinery

3) an exercise machine that has a moving surface that you can walk or run on while remaining in the same place
= Laufband

Front 48

metabolism (n)

(me'tabolism)

Back 48

(biology) the chemical processes in living things that change food, etc. into energy and materials for growth
e.g. The body’s metabolism is slowed down by extreme cold

= Stoffwechsel

Front 49

vigorous (adj)

('wigeres)

Back 49

1) very active, determined or full of energy
SYN = energetic
e.g. a vigorous campaign against tax fraud
e.g. a vigorous opponent of the government
e.g. Take vigorous exercise for several hours a week
= energetisch
= kraftvoll
= dynamisch
= eifrig

2) strong and healthy
e.g. a vigorous young man
e.g. This plant is a vigorous grower
= stark
= kräftig

Front 50

premature (adj)

('premetscher)

Back 50

1) happening before the normal or expected time
e.g. his premature death at the age of 37
= vorzeitig
= verfrüht

2) (of a birth or a baby)
happening or being born before the normal length of pregnancy has been completed
e.g. The baby was four weeks premature
e.g. a premature birth after only thirty weeks

3) happening or made too soon
e.g. a premature conclusion / decision / judgement
e.g. It is premature to talk about success at this stage
= verfrüht
= voreilig
= vorschnell

Front 51

sedentary (adj)

('sedentri)

Back 51

1) (of work, activities, etc.) in which you spend a lot of time sitting down
e.g. a sedentary job / occupation / lifestyle
= viel sitzend

2) (of people) spending a lot of time sitting down and not moving
e.g. He became increasingly sedentary in later life
= sesshaft

3) (technical) (of people or animals) that stay and live in the same place or area
e.g. Rhinos are largely sedentary animals
e.g. a sedentary population
= sesshaft
= sitzhaft

Front 52

cascade (n) / (v)

(kas'käid)

Back 52

noun:

1) a small waterfall, especially one of several falling down a steep slope with rocks

2) a large amount of water falling or pouring down
e.g. a cascade of rainwater

3) (formal) a large amount of sth hanging down
e.g. Her hair tumbled in a cascade down her back

4) (formal) a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time
e.g. He crashed to the ground in a cascade of oil cans

verb:

1) to flow downwards in large amounts
e.g. Water cascaded down the mountainside

2) (formal) to fall or hang in large amounts
e.g. Blonde hair cascaded over her shoulders

Front 53

dispel (v)

(dis'pel)

Back 53

to make sth, especially a feeling or belief, go away or disappear
e.g. His speech dispelled any fears about his health
e.g. This study dispels that notion, instead suggesting that...
= vertreiben
= zerstören
= auflösen
= zerstreuen

Front 54

notion (n)

Back 54

notion (that … ) | notion (of sth)

an idea, a belief or an understanding of sth

e.g. a political system based on the notions of equality and liberty
e.g. I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing
e.g. She had only a vague notion of what might happen

= Ahnung
= Vorstellung
= Gedanke
= Idee
= Verständnis
= Auffassung

Front 55

malfunction (v)

Back 55

(of a machine, etc.) to fail to work correctly

Front 56

remission (n)

(ri'mischen)

Back 56

1) a period during which a serious illness improves for a time and the patient seems to get better
e.g. The patient has been in remission for the past six months
e.g. The symptoms reappeared after only a short remission

2) (BrE) a reduction in the amount of time sb spends in prison, especially because they have behaved well

3) (formal) an act of reducing or cancelling the amount of money that sb has to pay
e.g. New businesses may qualify for tax remission
e.g. There is a partial remission of fees for overseas students

= Erlass
= Abnahme
= Nachlassen
= Abklingen
= Ermässigung

Front 57

bone marrow (n)

Back 57

= Knochenmark

Front 58

marrow (n)

('marow)

Back 58

1) = Bone Marrow = Knochenmark

2) (BrE) [U, C] a large vegetable that grows on the ground. Marrows are long and thick with dark green skin and white flesh
= Speisekürbis

Front 59

melanoma (n)

(mela'nouma)

Back 59

(medical) a type of cancer that appears as a dark spot or tumour on the skin

= schwarzer Hautkrebs

Front 60

adolescent (n)

(ade'lesent)

Back 60

a young person who is developing from a child into an adult

e.g. adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 and the problems they face

Front 61

a highly debated issue

Back 61

a highly debated issue

Front 62

inconclusive (adj)

Back 62

not leading to a definite decision or result

e.g. inconclusive evidence / results / tests
e.g. inconclusive discussions

OPP = conclusive

= ergebnislos
= uneindeutig

Front 63

delinquent (adj)

(di'linkjuent)

Back 63

1) (especially of young people or their behaviour) showing a tendency to commit crimes
e.g. delinquent teenagers
= straffällig

2) (NAmE, finance) having failed to pay money that is owed
e.g. a delinquent borrower
= säumig

3) (NAmE, finance) (of a sum of money) not having been paid in time
e.g. a delinquent loan

Front 64

obstructive (adj)

(ob'straktiv)

Back 64

1) trying to prevent sb/sth from making progress
e.g. Of course she can do it. She’s just being deliberately obstructive
= hinderlich
= behindernd

2) [only before noun] (medical) connected with a passage, tube, etc. in your body that has become blocked
e.g. obstructive lung disease

Front 65

disorder (n)

Back 65

1) an untidy state; a lack of order or organization
e.g. His financial affairs were in complete disorder
e.g. The room was in a state of disorder
= Unordnung
= Durcheinander

2) violent behaviour of large groups of people
e.g. an outbreak of rioting and public disorder

3) an illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning correctly
e.g. a blood / bowel, etc. disorder
e.g. eating disorders
e.g. He was suffering from some form of psychiatric disorder

Front 66

calcified (adj)

('kalsifai)

Back 66

(technical) to become hard or make sth hard by adding calcium salts

= verkalkt

Front 67

prone to sth / to do sth

('proun)

Back 67

likely to suffer from sth or to do sth bad

SYN = liable

e.g. prone to injury
e.g. Working without a break makes you more prone to error
e.g. Tired drivers were found to be particularly prone to ignore warning signs

Front 68

snore (v)

('snoor)

Back 68

to breathe noisily through your nose and mouth while you are asleep

e.g. I could hear Paul snoring in the next room

= schnarchen

Front 69

vessel (n)

Back 69

1) (formal) a large ship or boat
e.g. ocean-going vessels

2) (old use or technical) a container used for holding liquids, such as a bowl, cup, etc.
e.g. a Bronze Age drinking vessel

3) a tube that carries blood through the body of a person or an animal, or liquid through the parts of a plant
--> blood vessel

Front 70

blood clot (n) (also clot)

Back 70

a lump that is formed when blood dries or becomes thicker

e.g. a blood clot on the brain

= Blutgerinnsel
= Blutklümpchen

Front 71

prevalence (n)

('privelens)

Back 71

adjective = prevalent (among sb) | prevalent (in sb/sth)

e.g. that exists or is very common at a particular time or in a particular place

SYN = common
SYN = widespread

noun = prevalence

Front 72

literacy (n)

('literesi)

Back 72

the ability to read and write

e.g. a campaign to promote adult literacy
e.g. basic literacy skills

OPP = illiteracy

Front 73

respondent (n)

Back 73

1) a person who answers questions, especially in a survey
e.g. 60% of the respondents agreed with the suggestion
= Befragter

2) (law) a person who is accused of sth
= Beschuldigter

Front 74

intercourse (n)

Back 74

1) = sexual intercourse
e.g. The prosecution (=Staatsanwaltschaft) stated that intercourse had occurred on several occasions
e.g. anal intercourse

2) (old-fashioned) communication between people, countries, etc.
e.g. the importance of social intercourse between different age groups

Front 75

rural (adj)

('rurel)

Back 75

[usually before noun] connected with or like the countryside
e.g. rural areas
e.g. a rural economy
e.g. a rural way of life

--> urban = connected with a town or city

Front 76

adolescent (n)

(ado'lesnt)

Back 76

a young person who is developing from a child into an adult

e.g. adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 and the problems they face

Front 77

premarital (adj)

(pri'meritel)

Back 77

[only before noun] happening before marriage

e.g. premarital sex

= vorehelich

Front 78

marital (adj)

('maritl)

Back 78

[only before noun] connected with marriage or with the relationship between a husband and wife

e.g. marital difficulties / breakdown

Front 79

affiliate (v)

(a'filiet)

Back 79

1) [usually passive] affiliate sb/sth (with / to sb/sth)
to link a group, a company, or an organization very closely with another larger one
e.g. The hospital is affiliated with the local university
e.g. The group is not affiliated to any political party
= verbinden
= zusammenschliessen

2) affiliate (yourself) (with sb/sth)
to join, to be connected with, or to work for an organization
e.g. The majority of people questioned affiliated themselves with a religious group
= anschliessen
= aufnehmen
= beitreten

Front 80

receptor (n)

Back 80

(biology) a sense organ or nerve ending in the body that reacts to changes such as heat or cold and makes the body react in a particular way

Front 81

property (n)

Back 81

1) a thing or things that are owned by sb; a possession or possessions
e.g. This building is government property
e.g. Be careful not to damage other people’s property
= Eigentum

2) land and buildings
e.g. The price of property has risen enormously
e.g. property prices
e.g. a property developer
= Grundstück
= Immobilie

3) a building or buildings and the surrounding land
e.g. There are a lot of empty properties in the area
= Grundbesitz

4) (formal) a quality or characteristic that sth has
e.g. Compare the physical properties of the two substances
e.g. a plant with medicinal properties
= Eigenschaften

Front 82

therapy (n)

('föräpi)

Back 82

1) the treatment of a physical problem or an illness
e.g. Most leukaemia patients undergo some sort of drug therapy (= treatment using drugs)
e.g. alternative / complementary / natural therapies (= treatments that do not use traditional drugs)
= Behandlung
= Therapie
= Heilverfahren

2) = psychotherapy
e.g. a therapy group
e.g. She’s in therapy

Front 83

side effect (n)

Back 83

1) an extra and usually bad effect that a drug has on you, as well as curing illness or pain

2) an unexpected result of a situation or course of action that happens as well as the result you were aiming for

= Begleiterscheinung
= Nebenwirkung
= Nebeneffekt

Front 84

utility (n) / (adj)

Back 84

noun:

1) (especially NAmE) a service provided for the public, for example an electricity, water or gas supply
e.g. the administration of public utilities
= Versorgerunternehmen

2) (formal) the quality of being useful
SYN = usefulness
= Nutzen
= Nützlichkeit

3) (computing) a piece of computer software that performs a particular task

adjective:

[only before noun] that can be used for several different purposes
e.g. an all-round utility player (= one who can play equally well in several different positions in a sport)

Front 85

inhibit (v)

(in'hibit)

Back 85

1) to prevent sth from happening or make it happen more slowly or less frequently than normal
e.g. A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child
= behindern
= hemmen
= verhindern
= bremsen
= hindern

2) inhibit sb (from sth / from doing sth)
to make sb nervous or embarrassed so that they are unable to do sth
e.g. The managing director’s presence inhibited them from airing their problems
= psychologisch hemmen

Front 86

IDIOMS

to date

Back 86

until now

e.g. To date, we have received over 200 replies
e.g. The exhibition contains some of his best work to date

Front 87

there is no cure for it

Back 87

es gibt keine Lösung, Behandlung, Medikament, etc. für ...

Front 88

recur (v)

(ri'kör)

Back 88

(-rr-) [v] to happen again or a number of times

e.g. This theme recurs several times throughout the book
e.g. a recurring illness / problem / nightmare, etc.

= wiederholen
= wiederkehren
= wiedergeschehen

Front 89

suppression (n)

(sö'preschen)

Back 89

the act of suppressing sth

e.g. the suppression of a rebellion
e.g. the suppression of emotion

= Unterdrückung
= Verdrängung

Front 90

resist (v)

Back 90

1) to refuse to accept sth and try to stop it from happening
SYN = to oppose
e.g. to resist change
e.g. They are determined to resist pressure to change the law
e.g. The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates

2) to fight back when attacked; to use force to stop sth from happening
e.g. He tried to pin me down, but I resisted

3) (usually in negative sentences) to stop yourself from having sth you like or doing sth you very much want to do
e.g. I finished the cake. I couldn’t resist it
e.g. He couldn’t resist showing off his new car

4) to not be harmed or damaged by sth
e.g. A healthy diet should help your body resist infection
e.g. This new paint is designed to resist heat

Front 91

bone marrow (n)

('boun 'marrouw)

Back 91

a soft substance that fills the hollow (=hohlen) parts of bones
e.g. a bone marrow transplant
= Knochenmark

Front 92

lymph node (n)

Back 92

one of the small round parts of the lymphatic system that stores lymphocytes and helps fight infection

= Lymphknoten

Front 93

lab (n)

abbreviation = Abkürzung

Back 93

(in British politics) Labour

Front 94

candy bar (n)

Back 94

Schokoriegel

bar = a piece of sth with straight sides
e.g. a bar of chocolate / soap
e.g. candy bars

Front 95

devour (v)

('divaur)

Back 95

1) to eat all of sth quickly, especially because you are very hungry
SYN = to gobble up
= verschlingen

2) to read or look at sth with great interest and enthusiasm
e.g. She devoured everything she could lay her hands on: books, magazines and newspapers

3) (formal) to destroy sb/sth
SYN = to engulf
e.g. Flames devoured the house

Front 96

landmark (n) / (adj)

('ländmark)

Back 96

1) something, such as a large building, that you can see clearly from a distance and that will help you to know where you are
e.g. The Empire State Building is a familiar landmark on the New York skyline

2) landmark (in sth)
an event, a discovery, an invention, etc. that marks an important stage in sth
SYN = milestone
e.g. The ceasefire was seen as a major landmark in the fight against terrorism
e.g. a landmark decision / ruling in the courts

3) (especially NAmE) a building or a place that is very important because of its history, and that should be preserved
SYN = monument


e.g. a landmark recovery = eine bahnbrechende Entdeckung

Front 97

craving (n)

('kräiving)

Back 97

craving (for sth) | craving (to do sth)

a strong desire for sth

e.g. a craving for chocolate
e.g. a desperate craving to be loved

Front 98

morsel (n)

Back 98

a small amount or a piece of sth, especially food
e.g. a tasty morsel of food
e.g. He ate it all, down to the last morsel

= Häppchen
= Bissen
= Stückchen

Front 99

habituation (n)

Back 99

= Gewöhnung

Front 100

habit (n)

('hebit)

Back 100

1) a thing that you do often and almost without thinking, especially sth that is hard to stop doing
e.g. You need to change your eating habits
e.g. good / bad habits
e.g. He has the irritating habit of biting his nails
e.g. It’s all right to borrow money occasionally, but don’t let it become a habit
= Angewohnheit

2) usual behaviour
e.g. I only do it out of habit
e.g. I’m a creature of habit (= I have a fixed and regular way of doing things)
= Gewohnheit

3) (informal) a strong need to keep using drugs, alcohol or cigarettes regularly
e.g. He began to finance his habit through burglary
e.g. She’s tried to give up smoking but just can’t kick the habit
e.g. a 50-a-day habit
= (Drogen)Abhängigkeit

4) a long piece of clothing worn by a monk or nun
= Kutte
= Tracht

Front 101

merely (adv)

('merli)

Back 101

used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying

e.g. It is not merely a job, but a way of life
e.g. He said nothing, merely smiled and watched her
e.g. They agreed to go merely because they were getting paid for it
e.g. I’m merely stating what everybody knows anyway

= lediglich
= bloss
= nur

Front 102

IDIOMS

to.... extent

('ix'tent)

Back 102

used to show how far sth is true or how great an effect it has

e.g. To a certain extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation
e.g. To some extent what she argues is true
e.g. the extent to which (= how much) family life has changed over the past 50 years

Front 103

enact (v)

(i'näkt)

Back 103

1) [often passive] (law)
to pass a law
e.g. legislation enacted by parliament
= erlassen

2) [often passive] (formal)
to perform a play or act a part in a play
e.g. scenes from history enacted by local residents
= darstellen
= spielen
= inszenieren

3) be enacted (formal)
to take place
SYN = to be played out
e.g. They seemed unaware of the drama being enacted a few feet away from them

Front 104

nearby (adj) / (adv)

(niir'bai)

Back 104

adjective:

[usually before noun] near in position; not far away
e.g. Her mother lived in a nearby town
e.g. There were complaints from nearby residents

adverb:

a short distance from sb/sth; not far away
e.g. They live nearby
e.g. The car is parked nearby

Front 105

bred mice

Back 105

= gezüchtete Mäuse

--> breed sth (for / as sth)
to keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones in a controlled way

e.g. the scientists bred mice with extra copies of the FTO gene

Front 106

predispose (v)

(pri'dispous)

Back 106

1) predispose sb to sth / to do sth
to influence sb so that they are likely to think or behave in a particular way
e.g. He believes that some people are predisposed to criminal behaviour
e.g. Her good mood predisposed her to enjoy the play

2) predispose sb to sth
to make it likely that you will suffer from a particular illness
e.g. Stress can predispose people to heart attacks
e.g. obesity predisposes people to numerous diseases

Front 107

inhibitor (n)

(in'hibiter)

Back 107

1) (chemistry) a substance which delays or prevents a chemical reaction

2) (biology) a gene which prevents another gene from being effective

Front 108

resume (v)

(ri'zuum)

Back 108

1) if you resume an activity, or if it resumes, it begins again or continues after an interruption
e.g. to resume talks / negotiations
e.g. She resumed her career after an interval of six years
e.g. The noise resumed, louder than before
= fortsetzen
= wiederaufnehmen
= fortfahren

2) resume your seat / place / position
to go back to the seat or place that you had before

Front 109

pathway (n) = path (n)

Back 109

1) a way or track that is built or is made by the action of people walking
e.g. a concrete path
e.g. the garden path
e.g. Follow the path through the woods

2) a line along which sb/sth moves; the space in front of sb/sth as they move
SYN = way
e.g. He threw himself into the path of an oncoming vehicle
e.g. The avalanche forced its way down the mountain, crushing everything in its path

3) a plan of action or a way of achieving sth
e.g. a career path
e.g. the path to success

Front 110

cure rate (n)

Back 110

= Heilungsrate

Front 111

mutant (adj) / (n)

('mjuutent)

Back 111

adjective:

(biology) (of a living thing) different in some way from others of the same kind because of a change in its genetic structure
e.g. a mutant gene

noun:

1) (biology) a living thing with qualities that are different from its parents' qualities because of a change in its genetic structure

2) (informal) (in stories about space, the future, etc.) a living thing with an unusual and frightening appearance because of a change in its genetic structure

Front 112

premature (adj)

('premetschr)

Back 112

1) happening before the normal or expected time
e.g. his premature death at the age of 37

2) (of a birth or a baby) happening or being born before the normal length of pregnancy has been completed
e.g. The baby was four weeks premature
e.g. a premature birth after only thirty weeks

3) happening or made too soon
e.g. a premature conclusion / decision / judgement
e.g. It is premature to talk about success at this stage

Front 113

to undergo changes

Back 113

= Veränderungen durchmachen

Front 114

tract (n)

('träkt)

Back 114

1) (biology) a system of connected organs or tissues along which materials or messages pass
e.g. the digestive tract
e.g. a nerve tract

2) an area of land, especially a large one
SYN = stretch
e.g. vast tracts of forest
= Gebiet

3) (sometimes disapproving) a short piece of writing, especially on a religious, moral or political subject, that is intended to influence people’s ideas

Front 115

vaccine (n)

('vaxin)

Back 115

a substance that is put into the blood and that protects the body from a disease

e.g. a measles vaccine
e.g. There is no vaccine against HIV infection

Front 116

mammalian (adj)

Back 116

noun = mammal
any animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs, and feeds its young on milk. Cows, humans and whales are all mammals

Front 117

inhibition (n)

Back 117

1) a shy or nervous feeling that stops you from expressing your real thoughts or feelings
e.g. The children were shy at first, but soon lost their inhibitions
e.g. She had no inhibitions about making her opinions known
= Hemmung (psychisch)

2) (formal) the act of restricting or preventing a process or an action
e.g. the inhibition of growth
= Unterdrückung
= Verhinderung
= Unterbindung

Front 118

resemble (v)

(ri'sembl)

Back 118

[no passive] (not used in the progressive tenses) to look like or be similar to another person or thing

e.g. She closely resembles her sister
e.g. So many hotels resemble each other
e.g. The plant resembles grass in appearance

= ähneln
= ähnlich sein
= gleichen

Front 119

dehydration (n)

Back 119

= Austrocknung

verb = to dehydrate (di'haidreit)

Front 120

dehydrate (v)

(di'haidreit)

Back 120

1) to remove the water from sth, especially food, in order to preserve it

2) to lose too much water from your body; to make a person’s body lose too much water
e.g. Runners can dehydrate very quickly in this heat
e.g. the dehydrating effects of alcohol

noun = dehydration

Front 121

defective (adj)

(di'fectiv)

Back 121

having a fault or faults; not perfect or complete
SYN = faulty

e.g. defective goods
e.g. Her hearing was found to be slightly defective

= fehlerhaft
= defekt
= beschädigt

Front 122

exhibit (v) / (n)

Back 122

verb:

1) exhibit (sth) (at / in … )
to show sth in a public place for people to enjoy or to give them information
e.g. They will be exhibiting their new designs at the trade fairs
e.g. He exhibits regularly in local art galleries
= zur Schau stellen

2) (formal) to show clearly that you have or feel a particular feeling, quality or ability
SYN = to display
e.g. The patient exhibited signs of fatigue and memory loss
= aufweisen
= zeigen
= vorweisen

noun:

1) an object or a work of art put in a public place, for example a museum, so that people can see it
= Ausstellungsstück

2) a thing that is used in court to prove that sb is guilty or not guilty
e.g. The first exhibit was a knife which the prosecution claimed was the murder weapon
= Beweisstück

Front 123

deletion (n)

Back 123

= Löschung, Beseitigung

verb = to delete sth (from sth)
to remove sth that has been written or printed, or that has been stored on a computer

Front 124

thus (adv)

('dass)

Back 124

1) in this way; like this
e.g. Many scholars have argued thus
e.g. The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education

2) as a result of sth just mentioned
SYN = hence
SYN = therefore
e.g. He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title
e.g. We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it

Front 125

dampen (v)

('daampen)

Back 125

1) (also less frequent damp) to make sth slightly wet
e.g. Perspiration dampened her face and neck
e.g. He dampened his hair to make it lie flat
= befeuchten
= leicht feucht machen

2) to make sth such as a feeling or a reaction less strong
e.g. None of the setbacks could dampen his enthusiasm for the project
e.g. She wasn’t going to let anything dampen her spirits today
= dämpfen
= schwächen

Front 126

stress (v)

Back 126

1) to emphasize a fact, an idea, etc.
e.g. He stressed the importance of a good education
e.g. I must stress that everything I’ve told you is strictly confidential
e.g. [v speech] ‘There is,’ Johnson stressed, ‘no real alternative.’

2) to give extra force to a word or syllable when saying it
e.g. You stress the first syllable in ‘happiness’

3) stress out | stress sb (out)
to become or make sb become too anxious or tired to be able to relax
e.g. I try not to stress out when things go wrong
e.g. Driving in cities really stresses me (out)

Front 127

thwart (v)

('foort)

Back 127

[often passive] thwart sth | thwart sb (in sth)

to prevent sb from doing what they want to do

SYN = to frustrate

e.g. to thwart sb’s plans
e.g. She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party

= verhindern
= vereiteln
= behindern

Front 128

frustrate (v)

(fru'streit)

Back 128

1) to make sb feel annoyed or impatient because they cannot do or achieve what they want
e.g. What frustrates him is that there’s too little money to spend on the project
= frustrieren
= entmutigen
= enttäuschen

2) to prevent sb from doing sth; to prevent sth from happening or succeeding
SYN = to thwart
e.g. The rescue attempt was frustrated by bad weather
= verhindern
= behindern
= vereiteln

Front 129

mammogram (n)

('mamegräm)

Back 129

an examination of a breast using X-rays to check for cancer

Front 130

invasive (adj)

('inveisiv)

Back 130

1) (especially of diseases within the body) spreading very quickly and difficult to stop
e.g. invasive cancer

2) (of medical treatment) involving cutting into the body
e.g. invasive surgery