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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 basic concepts of reducing the new infection rate?
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REDUCE THE NEW INFECTION RATE
- incidence -prevention REDUCE THE DURATION OF INFECTION - prevelalence, treat or cull |
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How do you decrease new IMI if the cow is reservoir or the reservoir is the env?
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- manage contact between cows/teat/milk
- manage teat end exposure |
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How do you decrease the duration?
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Long- cow is reservoir then cull
Short - reserv is env. its self limiting |
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What are 2 ways to reduce new IMI? (cow-cow, both)
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1- segregation - milking order, isolate new purchases until culture available etc
2- milk routine |
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What are some things to keep in mind for milk routein?
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- stress free
- consistent program - gloves - clean dry udders- clip hairs |
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What are 4 steps to reduce new IMI?
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- premilking clean
- strip-dip-dry-apply - dry teats prior to attaching to machine - dont let machine such in air |
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What is most important for post milking?
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- post milking teat dip
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How can you reduce new IMI infections from env?
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- bacteria needs warmth, moisture, food
- clean and dry- kleb needs sawdust, straw needs ES, sand an option - bedding management- change frequently, add bedding treatments, lime |
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How should you dry cows off?
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-dry cows off abruptly
- treat each quarter immed following the last milk - treat all quarters of cows - long acting IMI |
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When is the highest lowest to get infection?
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- dry off immed after high
- dry period low - before dry off end. strep - after calv coliform.s |
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What are 3 risj factors for new IMI in the dry period?
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- management of exposure ( clean and dry env)
- production at dry off ( method of milk cessation) - test-end integrity ( timely formation of the teat streat canal keratin plug) |
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What does the keratin plug do?
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- prevents bacteria from entering the treat streak and canal
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What can you vaccinate against?
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- coliforms in large herds
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Name 2 ways to reduce new IMI?
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- nutrition - vit e selen
- genetics |
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2 ways to reduce duration of infection
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- therapy
- cull |
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How can you eliminate s. agalactaie during laction?
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- penn
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Can you get rid of mycoplasma?
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- no
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What can you do to treat an s.aureus infection during lactation?
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- poor response to therapy
-intracell, true resistance -culture sucks - may treat to decrease shedding - extended duration therapy - get increase cure or suppresion |
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What does the cure rate for.s aureus depend on?
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- age
- duration of infection - number of quarters infected - pretreatment SCC |
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F0r contagious mastitis tx during dry cow therapy what can you except for s. aur, strep ag, mycro
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- 100% strep ag
- 40-50 staph aur - no treatment for myco |
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How should you treat with low SCC and no CM?
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- sealant
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High SCC or CM
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Abx
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What is the ultimate way to decrease prevalence?
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- cull!
- cull myco cows - s aureus cows need new job - strep ag no way very rare to cull |
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With a long duration sublcinical situation who is reservoir what do you culture to monitor?
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- cow is reservoir
- bulk tank culture - herd culture all cows - monitor scc patterns |
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What a short duration clinical who is reservoir culture?
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- reservoir is env
- culture of clinicals |
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What are SCC
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- leucocytes
- some epi - equal to proportion of infection |
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What is the cut off for infection/ non infection?
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- non infect 5k-200k
-infect 200k- 5mil |
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What are 4 factors that increase SCC?
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-infection (largest factor)
-age -stage of lactation ( rise in late lactation) - day to day variation ( lowest at milking, highest in stripping after- so youse either foremilk) |
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What percent is lost for every 100K about 150K?
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1.5%
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What is the milk cut off in canada?
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500K
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inflamm mediators affect what?
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- shelf life
- taste - cheese quality |
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High counts early =
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dry cow problem
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High count late =
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contagious spread
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What 3 things cause mastitis?
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- bact
- yeat/ mold - unknown |
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What do you see with a sublinical presentation?
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- stealthy: no clinical signs, milk looks normal
- cow elevates WBC in milk to fight infection -cost: production, quality - long duration battles |
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What do you see with clinical?
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- overt clinical signs-
clumps and clots 1 - clumps clots and swelling- 2 - clumps clots swelling fever - 3: toxic or acute, severe systemic DX, need immediate tx -Cost: production withhold |
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What is the signifigance of this in animal health and humans?
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- decrease production
- risk of death, culling - return in investement - humane treatment consumers- antibiotic use, reduced ilk quailty |
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What are the economics lost with clinical mastitis?
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- lost of milk production (acute and chronic)
- milk withheld - culling -labor -vet - reduced genetic advacement |
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Name 3 ways to test for sublcinical mastitis?
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- CMT
- Electrical conductivity - Enzymes |
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Whats the gold standard?
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-culture
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What are the 5 contagious?
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str. ag
myco s.aureus c. bovis CNS |
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5 env?
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- CNS
- Str. dys - str. ub -kleb -ecoli |
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Describe S. ag?
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- contagious
- chornic -sublinical - high scc - cant live outside udder - penn |
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Describe S. aureus?
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- cow to cow
- udder and other body parts - lives on milk equipment hands - treat: poor during lactation, better in dry period - most important contagious |
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Describe S. aureus?
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- env
-acute; chronic - clinical/ SC - CM/ high scc - BEDDING STRAW A RISK - tx repsonse to strain reponse |
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Name one mixed contagious and describe?
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s. dysgalactiae
- brdiges ag and uveris - BEDDING AND UDDER STRAW - penn |
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Describe CNS?
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- mixed : some cow- cow, some cow to enc
- most common isolate esp heifers at calcing - mild increase in SCC - clin ast |
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What can you treat and not?
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streat strep ag
cant treat staph aureus |
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Describe myco?
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- cow to cow
- specialized culture no tx |
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Describe ecoli
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- gram neg
-env-cow -clinical - oaccasionally toxic - high self cure but can require supportive care for systemic signs |
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Describe Kleb?
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- env- cow
- WOOD BEDDING - often clinical, can be ass with high SCC - usually milk clinical |
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What is signifigant abut c.bovis
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- shows not doing good job teat dipping
- good way to check management |
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What is Pseduomonas/ serratia ass with?
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- water drinking or teat dipper
- causes lumps in udder |
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What do you associate algal with?
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- stag water
- cull |
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Where are the 5 quarter cracks found?
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- coronary band
- band and horozontal groove - dorsal surface - center to bearing surface - middle of dorsal surface |
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What lesions do you see with laminitis?
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- hemorrhages on sole
- notlame |
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What is white line disease?
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- separation of the sole and hoof wall
- mechanical linkage is weakened do to trauma on concrete surface - incidental finding on hood trum |
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Name 3 forms of excessive trauma that can lead to the separation?
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- necrosis in white line
-abcess formation and osmotic pressure - separation debris gets in white line and septic abscess |
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Where do you usually find solar abcesses?
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lateral heel/ white line area
ass with WLD or bruising in that area - hoof wall thinner here |
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What is the patho of this?
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trauma to corium- hemm into sole- sterile decomposition- movement of fluid- intense pain
- extend away from wall into the sole and rupture or tract up the hoof wall- break open in coronary band |
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How do you tx this?
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- trim and drain
- why cant you use abx- aspetic abcess- coag necrosis |
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What is a sole ulcer?
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- ulcer of the quick and failure to produce new sole
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Where is it found?
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- under P3- sole is thinnest these and more prone to ischemia- death results- no new sole manufactored- sole grows out around the defect and cavity or ulcer if formed
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What do you tx?
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-pare out dead tissue
- provide surface for cow to walk in ( block foot) |
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When do you conduct an investigation?
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- 15-20% lame
- 10% herd lame for reasons other than infections - laminitis |
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How do you do a lameness exam?
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- walk through 1 hour after milking
- examine cows walking and standing ( placememnt of feet, stance) -examine 10-15% of feet - examine ration -investigate cow comfort -pick of feet of selected cows with problems -check heifers |
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What are the 6 things to consider for cow comfort?
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- ventilation
-feed bunk design - freedom from lying down and getting up - cushion to lay on - dry bedding - floor, restrain, light |
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How can you measure acidosis? and why?
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- 2 groups of 6 animals
- 1-20 days after calving -45-150 days after calving - get sample 2-4 hours after concentrate feed - if greater than 2 of the 6 have PH of 5.5 or less its subclinical mastitis in the group |
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IF legs cross whats your DDX? where is the pain?
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- problem with medial claw
sole abcess hairy heel warts |
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What is the goal of hoof trimming?
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- cut and pare the claws in order to make them function in a normal way as well as possible by reducing claws to their normal shape and proportions
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3 aims off hoof trimming?
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- getting a correct distribution of weight balance over adjacent claws
- within a claw - create ventilated surface to avoid anaerobic bact growth |
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What should the correct length be? and minimum thickness of sole?
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75mm to 3 inches
.5mm- 1/4 inch for the sole |
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How do you balance the outer claw?
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- cute same length as inner claw
- get the same sole thickness than inner claw |
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What do you do last?
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carve axial grooves remove loose horn
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Overall what are the 3 steps?
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1- inner claw shape
2- balance outer claw 3- carve axial groove, remove loose horn |
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What is the goal of dairy farms?
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- self suff, import/export
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What is quota?
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- right to sell milk
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What is one quota equal to?
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1kg of quota allows the producer to ship 1kq of butterfat per day
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Milk price is based on what 3 components?
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fat protein other solids
blend price close to target if components are normal |
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What determines productivity?
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- percent of heifers
- days in milk profile - milk components (fat) |
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What are the SMART goals?
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specific
measurable attainable realistic tangible |
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How do you measure milk production?
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milk/cow/day
I.E. milk shipped/ number of cows contributing to tank- doesnt count treating cows or other contributing factors |
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What does ECM stand for?
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energy corrected milk- MILK YEILD corrected to the energy content
3.5 fat 3.2 protein 4.75 lactose |
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Standard milk?
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- corrects to 2nd lactation
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WHat are the standardized indicies for the BCA?
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- milk
-fat -protein |
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WHat is ME?
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- mature equivalency
-milk production records of young animals to predict their expected potential |
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What is a ME lactation average?
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ME avg milk and component production/ cow for all cows in the herd for the previous 365 days- represents an estimate of mature production
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What is a rolling herd average?
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- an average usually 3 months recalculated each month dropping the 4th last test and adding new one
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What is 305 day production?
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- standardizes the lactation length to 305 days to compare production btwn cows- actual/ projected
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What is the 305 ME
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- used to compare the production of the next generation to the current mature cows
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WHat should heifers milk compared to matures
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80-85%
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What determines length of lactation?
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- how long takes to get preg
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What is the initial phase so important?
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-critical rising peak
if something happens before the peak they dont peak and cant change slipe at which milk decreases |
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What is the intital phase correlated with?
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- good correlation btwn production in first week of lacation and peak milk
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WHhat may cause a cow not to have a poor initial phase
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-transition cow- new diet, house, social
- DZ- metritis, mastitis, LDA, ketosis |
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What may cause a poor peak
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- bad nutrition
-peropart dz -BCS inadq. at calvin, too great a loss |
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How much do you lose per month after peak what can make it go faster?
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7-10%
- nutrition imbalance |
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What 2 factors affect lactation curves?
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- herd production- higher production peak later and are more persistant
-age- heifers dont peak more persistant |
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Where are the weight bearing surfaces?
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- hind is lateral
- front is medial |
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What does the corium do?
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- provide nutrients to epidermal cells that will form the hoof
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what is the cuticle?
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- its the coronary band
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What is the white line?
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- lamellae of corium attached to the laminae wall
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What do you give to strengthen hoof? gro?
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- strong- biotin
-grow- zinc |
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What are the causes of non infect lamenes?
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- management
- housing - genetics - nutrition |
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What is foot rot?
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- see swelling above the claws
- quick onset, non weight bearing - odor between toes - bact and env: lots of moisture, gravel, and stubble fields TX: penn, tetra, kopper tox, ceftofur f. necrophorum |
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What is stable foot rot?
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- inflammation of heel bulb
- cracks and deep fissures - exposure to moist softens sole -found everywhere - heels over gutter -anaerobic infection tx- trim and debride, block other claw, systemic abx- penn oxy, ceftiofur - d. nodoso |
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What is digital dermatitis?
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- hairy heel wart
- unknown organism - rapid rise in prevalence - initial strawberry phase acute onset painful -becomes low grade chronic -raised projections up to 10-15mm -one of the most painful - herd becomes endemic - her immunity- new heifers get it TX: oxytet, lincomycin, mortellero slution |
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How should you manage trimming on cows?
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- toe doesnt wear relative to the heal get abnormal wear
- pressure on toes joints heel area of sole - trim 6-12 months |
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How you manage lameness from housing?
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- hygroma- trauma to hock or carpus
- change stal design, bedding maintenance |
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What are 3 genetic features that can cause lameness?
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1- interdigital corns( poor inadq. trimming, not lame, surg remove)
2- corkscrew claws 3- conformation |
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What are 2 other non infectious causes/.
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nutrition
laminitis |
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What can cause laminitis?
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- rumen acidosis most common
- high CHO - concrete stalls, poor bedding - usually lateral claw of hind feet? |
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What 4 conditions are associated with laminitis?
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1- epithelial hyperplasia, false sole
2- white line disease 3- solar abscess 4- solar ulcer |
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Name 4 ways you can prevent laminitis form infectious causes?
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1- env
2- foot bath ( form, copper sulfate, tratra.linco) 3- foot spray 4- health depth |
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How big should your footbath be?
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- 8 inches deep, 12 feet long
- everyday for a week then 1-2 days every 1-2 weeks |
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How can you prevent laminitis through nutrition?
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-prevent rumen acidosis
- seen in 1st 100 DIM - processing of concentratre vs rollong vs grinding - form of starch - fiber- increase length - avoid high fat diets - zinc, sulphur, biotin |
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What are 5 ways to prevent mechanical factor laminitis?
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mechanical factors- floor
1- time on concrete 2- pasture mats 3- sand bedding 4- stall design 5- cow comfort |
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What are 4 other ways to prevent laminitis?
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-DRY ENVIRONMENT
-FOOTBATH OR SPRAY - NUTRITION - timing, components, supplements |
