Health Individuals

Front 1

Hippocrates

Back 1

TIME PERIOD:

Medieval

SHORT TERM:

The Four Humours Theory

LONG TERM:

Introduced a more scientific approach rather than blaming God

LIMITATION:

Only used observational methods to diagnose peop

Front 2

Galen

Back 2

TIME PERIOD:

Medieval

SHORT TERM:

Dissected animals to learn more about anatomy

LONG TERM:

Continued using Hippocratic observational methods

LIMITATION:

Believed that humans had the same anatomy as animals

Front 3

John of Arderne

Back 3

TIME PERIOD:

Medieval

SHORT TERM:

Operated on knights and treated anal abscesses

LONG TERM:

Set up the Guild of Surgeons

LIMITATION:

People still believed in the Four Humours Theory

Front 4

Hugh of Lucca

Back 4

TIME PERIOD:

Medieval

SHORT TERM:

Sterilised tools and wounds with wine

LONG TERM:

Led to more people using sterilisation

Front 5

Mondini

Back 5

TIME PERIOD:

Medieval

SHORT TERM:

Studied human anatomy by watching public dissections

LONG TERM:

He wrote a book that led to people learning more about anatomy

LIMITATION:

He was attempting to confirm Galen and Hippocrates’ theories

Front 6

Abulcasis

Back 6

TIME PERIOD:

Medieval

SHORT TERM:

Made cauterisation more popular

LONG TERM:

Progress was made to stop blood loss

LIMITATION:

Cauterisation is painful and people didn’t like that he disagreed with Galen and Hippocrates

Front 7

Vesalius

Back 7

TIME PERIOD:

Renaissance

SHORT TERM:

He proved Galen wrong about anatomy

LONG TERM:

He performed human dissections on criminals

LIMITATION:

He was criticised for proving Galen wrong

Front 8

Pare

Back 8

TIME PERIOD:

Renaissance

SHORT TERM:

Used ointment instead of burning oil

LONG TERM:

Invented ligatures

LIMITATION:

Some people said it was wrong to dull the pain for soldiers

Front 9

William Harvey

Back 9

TIME PERIOD:

Renaissance

SHORT TERM:

He disproved Galen

LONG TERM:

Discovered that blood circulates around the body

LIMITATION:

He was criticised for disproving Galen and they didn’t know about blood groups yet

Front 10

John Hunter

Back 10

TIME PERIOD:

Renaissance

SHORT TERM:

He led by example and spent a lot of money on research

LONG TERM:

He went on to teach others like Edward Jenner

LIMITATION:

He used radical methods (for example he injected himself with Gonorrhoea to prove it wasn’t Syphilis)

Front 11

Edward Jenner

Back 11

TIME PERIOD:

Renaissance

SHORT TERM:

Removed inoculation

LONG TERM:

Invented vaccines

LIMITATION:

Doctors didn’t like him because inoculation made them more money

Front 12

William Woodville

Back 12

TIME PERIOD:

Renaissance

LIMITATION:

Copied Jenner’s tests using contaminated tools and blamed the poor results on Jenner

Front 13

Louis Pasteur

Back 13

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Disproved miasma and spontaneous generation

LONG TERM:

Established the link between germs and disease, and developed pasteurisation and a vaccine for rabies

LIMITATION:

Only worked on food and drink

Front 14

Koch

Back 14

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Developed Germ Theory

LONG TERM:

Targeted specific diseases (e.g. cholera and TB) and made vaccinations possible

Front 15

Erlich

Back 15

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Developed Koch’s ideas for treatment

LONG TERM:

Invented magic bullets for syphilis

Front 16

James Simpson

Back 16

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Accidentally discovered chloroform

LONG TERM:

Led to more people developing anaesthetics

LIMITATION:

People died of overdoses

Front 17

Joseph Lister

Back 17

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Used Carbolic Acid to sterilise tools and wounds

LONG TERM:

Led to more sterilisation and aseptic surgery

LIMITATION:

Carbolic Acid causes skin and lung irritation

Front 18

Florence Nightingale

Back 18

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Cut mortality rates from 40% to 2% by improving hospitals

LONG TERM:

Wrote a book encouraging doctors to keep hospitals clean

LIMITATION:

She was a woman so men were less likely to listen to her

Front 19

John Snow

Back 19

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Proved that dirty water was the cause of cholera

LONG TERM:

Prompted the government to take action in healthcare

LIMITATION:

It took time for the government to take action

Front 20

Edwin Chadwick

Back 20

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Wrote the Chadwick Report

LONG TERM:

Eventually led to the Public Health Acts that made towns cleaner

LIMITATION:

The government didn’t follow the report

Front 21

Joseph Bazalgette

Back 21

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Made the government less laissez-faire

LONG TERM:

Invented the sewer system

LIMITATION:

It took a while for the government to fund and it only affected people in London

Front 22

Alexander Fleming

Back 22

TIME PERIOD:

Revolution

SHORT TERM:

Accidentally discovered Penicillin

LONG TERM:

Led to the creation of new antibiotics

LIMITATION:

Initially, he couldn’t make enough for it to be useful and it wasn’t yet safe for human consumption

Front 23

Florey & Cheyne

Back 23

TIME PERIOD:

Modern

SHORT TERM:

Made Penicillin safe for human consumption

LONG TERM:

Led to more developments in antibiotics

LIMITATION:

Doctors try to avoid prescribing antibiotics because people can become immune to them

Front 24

Harold Gillies & Archibald McIndoe

Back 24

TIME PERIOD:

Modern

SHORT TERM:

Used skin grafts

LONG TERM:

Led to the development of plastic surgery

Front 25

Dwight Harken

Back 25

TIME PERIOD:

Modern

SHORT TERM:

First heart surgeon

LONG TERM:

Developed heart surgery

Front 26

Booth & Rowntree

Back 26

TIME PERIOD:

Modern

SHORT TERM:

Wrote a report on poverty in towns

LONG TERM:

Led to the Liberal Reforms

LIMITATION:

Required a general election

Front 27

Beveridge

Back 27

TIME PERIOD:

Modern

SHORT TERM:

Wrote the Beveridge report to help people “from cradle to grave”

LONG TERM:

Led to the development of the NHS

Front 28

Aneurin Bevan

Back 28

TIME PERIOD:

Modern

LONG TERM:

Set up the NHS (in 1948) and developed housing