Health Exam 2

Front 1

Know characteristics of Acute vs. Chronic Disease

Back 1

Acute: a sudden onset of symptoms of a disease that lasts for a short period of time.

Chronic: a long-lasting condition or illness-that may not subside, or may occur again.

ONSET- short|long
Duration- short|long
Cause-sudden|uncertain; multifactor
Diagnosis-fairly accurate|ongoing medication or treatment

Front 2

Differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Back 2

Type 1: Juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; need to take daily doses of insulin on a daily basis b/c their body is not producing the insulin. (Excessive thirst and urination)

Type 2: Adult onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; diabetes that usually develops in middle or later life which involves a breakdown in the body's use of insulin. (more common 90-95%, associates w/lifestyle, can be controlled by regulating diet, weight, exercise.)

Front 3

Differences between Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia

Back 3

Hyperglycemia: too much blood sugar, "diabetic coma" body stops making insulin, so w/o insulin the blood sugar builds up. [Insulin resistance, increase thirst, weight loss, nausea, vomiting]

Hypoglycemia: too little blood sugar; "insulin shock" dizzy, drowsiness, impaired/blurry vision, sudden hunger

Front 4

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and it's subcategories

Back 4

-General term applying to chronic lung diseases; especially emphysema & chronic bronchitis, that result in impaired lung function.

1)Emphysema- a lung disease involving destruction of the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.

2)Chronic bronchitis- an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, producing chronic coughing.

Front 5

Know how Body Mass Index (BMI) relates to Arthritis

Back 5

*Risk of developing painful knee osteoarthritis increases with weight.

osteoarthritis: classic wear and tear on the joints causes swelling, pain, inflammation.

Front 6

Know the different forms of Heart Disease (angina, cardiac ischemia, myocardial infarction, heart failure)

Back 6

angina- a symptom reflecting insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing of coronary artery that may cause chest pain.

cardiac ischemia- Another name for narrowing of arteries, can result in angina of pain

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)-death of healthy muscle tissue when heart doesn’t get enough oxygen and blood supply in result of blockage resulting in death

heart failure- a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to meet the needs of other body organs. (result of a heart attack, secondary to a heart attack)

Front 7

Know the warning signs of a heart attack

Back 7

Chest discomfort.  
Discomfort in other areas of the upper body.  
Shortness of breath.  
Other symptoms. May include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea, or light-headedness.

Front 8

Know what normal blood pressure/cholesterol is

Back 8

BP: <80/<120

Cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL

Front 9

Know how smoking contributes to Cardiovascular Disease

Back 9

Damages endothelium lining of blood vessels
Increases cholesterol plaques of fatty deposits
Increases clotting
Increases LDL
Lowers HDL
Increase Heart Rate
Raises blood pressure

Front 10

What illicit drug increases your risk for a heart attack?

Back 10

Tobacco

Front 11

Know the warning signs of a stroke

Back 11

Numbness or tingling on one side
Severe headache
Blurred vision on one side
Aphasia/confusion

Front 12

Types of stroke we talked about in lecture (Hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism) and which one causes damage in two areas of the body?

Back 12

Hemorrhage- abnormal blood flow; the bleeding can cause damage at the initial location as well as the other areas in the body that can be adversely affected by damaged sustained at the initial state.

thrombosis: the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

Embolism: blockage in one of the arteries of the body due to a blood clot that has broken off from another location in the body.

Front 13

What is the FAST test?

Back 13

Face
Arm
Speech
Time
^Things to look for when having a stroke

Front 14

Know the 3 types of Epileptic Seizures (tonic clonic, absence, complex partial)

Back 14

Tonic clonic: a type of generalized seizures that affects the entire brain

Absence: involves a brief sudden lapse of consciousness. more common in children than adults.

Complex partial:associated with bilateral cerebral hemisphere involvement & causes impairment of awareness or responsiveness

Front 15

What is the leading cause of dementia?

Back 15

Alzheimer's Disease

Front 16

What are 3 key Provisions of the FCTC?

Back 16

FCTC=Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

1)Bans use of misleading and deceptive terms such as “light” and “mild”

2)Encourages tobacco tax increases

3)Prohibits sale to minors

Front 17

What is MPOWER?

Back 17

Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
Protect people from tobacco smoke
Offer help to quit tobacco use
Warn about the dangers of tobacco
Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
Raise taxes on tobacco

Front 18

According to Harry, who are the target populations for tobacco advertisements?

Back 18

*Low income and developing countries

-youth & adolescents
-ethnic minorities & women

Front 19

Know what is considered underweight, normal, overweight, and obese (BMI)

Back 19

Underweight- <18.5
Normal- 18.5-24.9
Overweight- 25-29.9
Obese- >30

Front 20

Know what waist-to-hip ratio is healthier

Back 20

Cardiovascular disease- one study that suggest it is better to have a pear shaped body type than apple…however more studies need to be discovered

Women >0.8
Men >1.0

Front 21

According to Katie, what is the "Triple Threat" of screen time?

Back 21

1. Decreased time for physical activity
2. Snacking while watching
3. Viewing ads for non-nutritious foods

Front 22

Childhood Obesity leads to increased risk of what?

Back 22

Increased risk of:
Obesity in adulthood
CVD
DM Type 2
Depression
Low self-esteem
Eating disorders

Front 23

Know some general guidelines for a healthy diet that Katie discussed

Back 23

Energy balance and weight management
Nutrient Adequacy
Fat intake and cholesterol
Protein
Carbohydrates
Sodium, potassium, and water
Alcohol
Food safety and technology

Front 24

Know the general terminology

Back 24

Tumor: an abnormal growth of body tissue
Metastasis: spread from one place to another
Benign: not as dangerous
Malignant: very dangerous
Carcinoma: cancers in the epithelial tissues, most common (glands, respiratory, urinary, GI tract) 90% of cancers are carcinoma
Sarcoma: less than 2%, connective tissue cancer, are more likely to spread, more deadly and less common
Lipoma: adipose tissue, or fat
Lymphoma: cancer of the lymph system
Fibroma: cancer in the muscles
Neoplasms:An abnormal new growth of tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal

Front 25

CAUTION stands for...

Back 25

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Persistent indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Sudden weight gain or loss

Front 26

What cancer causes the most deaths in women and men?

Back 26

**Lung & Bronchus cancer in both**

Men: Prostate at 11%
Women: Breast at 15%

Front 27

The most common new cases of cancer found in women & men?

Back 27

Men: Prostate, colon & rectum, pancreas, liver, leukemia
Women: breast, colon & rectum, pancreas, ovary, non-hodgkin lymphoma

Front 28

Know the difference between sidestream and mainstream smoke

Back 28

Sidestream- smoke that comes off of a smoldering cigarette.

Mainstream- cigarette smoke that is exhaled through a person's mouth after taking a puff on a lit cigarette.

Front 29

ABCD's of skin cancer screening

Back 29

Sensitivity: Positive in Disease--> a/(a+c) [few false negatives]
^Sensitive Test: they're picking up disease, you want to reduce the amount of false positives.


Specificity: Negative in Health: d / (b+d)
(Few false positives)
^Specificity: want to have more assured true negatives
*sometimes tests are not good at both


Predictive Value Positive: a / (a+b)

Front 30

How is testicular cancer different from other cancers?

Back 30

Incidence is 6/100,000.
Peak age is 15-34 years.
In the U.S., more common in whites than blacks, 5:1.
Several different types, but generally curable if treated early.

Front 31

Know what True/False Positives/Negative tests are

Back 31

Patient Condition (at top)
Test Result (on right)
box on top left hand corner: True +
box on left on bottom hand corner: False -
box on top right hand corner: False +
box on lower right hand corner: True -

Front 32

Know the consequences of a false positive and a false negative

Back 32

-False positive: insurance, psychological impact,
-False negative: person might spread it on, not getting treatment of the disease, may think they will not need to prepare

Front 33

Know what specificity and sensitivity are

Back 33

Sensitivity: Positive in a disease
*they’re picking up disease, you want to reduce the amount of false positives

Specificity: Negative in Health
*want to have more assured true negatives
*sometimes tests are not good at both

Front 34

Know when you should seek screening for breast cancer and cervical cancer

Back 34

Breast Cancer: Every 3 years if ages 21-29

Cervical cancer: Age 30> then every 2 years or 1 year

Front 35

Know the difference between an accident and an unintentional injury

Back 35

*fatal injuries are categorized as unintended - commonly called "accidents"- and intentional, a category that includes homicide & suicide

Front 36

4 E's of safety and which one is the most effective?

Back 36

Engineering: is the most effective
Education
Enforcement
Economic incentive--> enhanced safety option, lower insurance premium

Front 37

Know 3 factors that place workers at risk for violence in the workplace

Back 37

-interacting with the public,
-exchanging money,
-delivering services or goods,
-working late at night or during early morning hours,
-working alone,
-guarding valuables or property, and
-dealing with violent people or volatile situations

Front 38

When referring to unintentional injuries, the AGENT in the Public Health Model is almost always what?

Back 38

Kinetic energy*
Heat energy
Electrical energy
water
chemicals
ionizing radiation

Front 39

Which industry sector is the most dangerous?

Back 39

Construction sector- most fatal work
Fishing-most number of fatal work injury rate

Front 40

Know all of the components of the Health Belief Model

Back 40

Perceived Threat
-Perceived susceptibility (Male vs. Female)
-Perceived severity (WOMAN is pregnant, not male)

Perceived Benefits

Barriers to action- like withdrawal with smoking

Cues to action- Quit smoking! Or if family member gets lung cancer (thinking about it)

Self-Efficacy- self confidence in situations towards a task

Front 41

Know the 5 stages of change

Back 41

Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

Front 42

Why is it hard for a smoker to quit?

Back 42

Because of contemplation: Individual recognizes the problem and is seriously thinking about changing.
*Contemplation can last for years…there is ambivalence…Pros and Cons

Front 43

Know the general definitions of anxiety disorders, panic disorders, OCD, PTSD, phobias, depression, and seasonal affective disorder

Back 43

Anxiety disorder: Excessive, constant worrisome thoughts and tension about everyday activities; most common group of mental illnesses in America

Panic disorders: intense fear without warning

OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder): Repeated, unwanted thoughts or compulsive behaviors that seem impossible to stop or control

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): anxiety and behavioral disturbances after exposure to an extreme trauma

Phobias: experience, extreme, disabling, and irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger

Depression: Most common cause of depression is the interaction of a painful event (loss, stressful events) and ineffective coping.

Seasonal affective disorder: low or depressed moods, fatigue, sleep disturbances, social withdrawal and suicidal thoughts

Front 44

Know the myths of suicide

Back 44

Myth: Asking a person if they have thought about suicide will give them the idea.

Fact: The opportunity to talk about it might be a relief, and asking is the only way you can truly assess the situation


Myth: People who talk about suicide don’t commit suicide
Fact: Eight out of ten suicides have given definite warning signs.

Myth: Suicidal people are fully intent on dying.
Fact: Most suicidal people are deeply ambivalent about living and dying

Front 45

Know the model for raising a sensitive issue

Back 45

*Just show care

I care ... (describe relationship feelings)
I see ... (specific, observable behaviors - avoid making a judgment or diagnosis)
I feel ... (how these behaviors affect you)
LISTEN - If he/she gets angry or provokes you, remind yourself to remain calm and focused on your task. Remain factual and non-judgmental.
I want ... (it may be necessary to set some limits or firm resolution)
I will ... (indicate your support, what you are willing to do help, and limitations)

Front 46

How did the tobacco industry respond to the Surgeon General's Report?

Back 46

-low tar, low nicotine, light cigarettes

-tobacco industry was publicly claiming that there was no scientific proof that smoking is dangerous to health, official agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom produced two major reports on the health effects of smoking.