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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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LE index
(for PQLI) |
(LE1 - MinLE)
━━━━━━━━━ x 100 (MaxLE - MinLE) LE1 = life expectancy at age 1 |
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IMR index
(for PQLI) |
(HighIMR - IMRₓ)
━━━━━━━━━ x 100 (HighIMR - LowIMR) |
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Education Index
(for PQLI) |
⅔ Literacy Rate
x ⅓ Gross Enrollment ━━━━━━━━━ |
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PQLI
(Physical Quality of Life Index) |
LE1 index + Edu index + IMR index
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 3 |
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HDI
(Human Development Index) |
LE0 index + GDP index
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LE index
(for HDI) |
(LE0 - MinLE)
━━━━━━━━━ x 100 (MaxLE - MinLE) LE0 = life expectancy at age 0 |
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GDP index
(for HDI) |
logGDP - logMinGDP
━━━━━━━━━━━━ x 100 logMaxGDP - logMinGDP -can use natural or common log -log is used to account for decreasing marginal utility of wealth |
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Find a country’s GDP per capita in PPP dollars
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GDP per capita (local currency)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ PPP rate |
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non-market activities
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Production activities -- usually conducted within the home -- for which there is no perfect substitute in the formal market. Examples: home cooking, child care, cleaning.
Some developed countries provide market-based household services (au pairs, maids) which inflates GNI despite there being no change in actual total production. In poor countries, more activities are home-based which negatively affects GNI. |
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Atlas conversion: GNI per capita in US$
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Y(t) / N(t)
━━━━ e*(t) Y(t) is GNI for time (t) N(t) is population for time (t) e*(t) is Atlas conversion constant for time (t) |
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Production method of measuring GDP
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(output - intermed. consumption) + (taxes - subsidies)
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Income method of measuring GDP
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salaries + operating surplus
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Expenditure method of measuring GDP
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home consumption
govt. consumption capital formed + (exports - imports) ━━━━━━━━━━ |
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GNI
(gross national income) |
GDP + money in - money out
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GNDI
(gross national disposable income) |
GNI + transfers in - transfers out
(a transfer of money involves no good or service exchange) |
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Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL)
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(∑x=0:L)(dₓ)(L - x)
x is average age of death (age grp x) dₓ is number of deaths (age grp x) L is potential life limit |
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Summation
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"∑" or sigma.
example: ∑x=0:L means the sum of all values for x from 0 to L (inclusive). |
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Period Expected Years of Life Lost (PEYLL)
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(∑x=0:1)(dₓ)(eₓ)
x is average age of death (age grp x) dₓ is number of deaths (age grp x) eₓ is LE (age grp x) |
-cannot use to compare across countries or years
-makes current cohort-LE into goal LE -thus, death in rich country is valued more than death in poor country, since LEs are different |
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Years of Life Lost (YLL)
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∑dₓe*ₓ
d is # deaths at age x e* is standardized LE at age x |
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Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
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YLL + YLD
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Years Lost to Disability (YLD)
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I ∗ DW ∗ L
I is number of incidents DW is disability weight L is years lived with disability |
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Mortality based indicators
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-Crude death rate (CDR)
-Age standardized death rate -infant mortality rate (IMR) -under 5 mortality rate (U5MR) -life expectancy at birth (LE0) -case fatality rate by disease |
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Approaches to defining health status
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1. Descriptivist; value-neutral, objective
2. Normativist; goal-oriented, evaluative, culturally relative |
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Realized Potential Life Years (RePLY)
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Like PYLL, but
1. take out unavoidable deaths, and 2. find PYLL for each cause of death, sex group, and age group |
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Summary Measures of Population Health (SMPH)
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SMPH consider Ⓐ health, Ⓑ morbidity, and Ⓒ mortality. Can draw survivorship curve showing these three group within age/sex cohorts.
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Health Expectancy (SMPH 1)
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Ⓐ + fⒷ
Or: healthy years expected + (a function of)unhealthy years expected |
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Health Gap (SMPH 2)
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Ⓒ +gⒷ
Or: death years expected + (a different function of)unhealthy years expected |
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Discounting future outcomes
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For each year "y" from now, divide life-years saved in that year by (1.03)ʸ
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