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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two parts of the respiratory system?
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Conducting airway (supplies the air) & respiratory tissues (where gas exchange occurs); know where lung gas exchange occurs à occurs in the respiratory bronchioles & alveolar structures
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What is the function of the mucociliary blanket?
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Serves to clean by trapping dust and to moisten air that passes over it (filter out tiny particles which can contain infection or other irritations, and from there is digested to the acid in our stomach)
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What is the purpose of the moisture in the conducting airway in relation to temperature?
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As the body temperature, more moisture is added (evaporation)
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What is the function of the larynx?
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Speech, conducts air, protects lungs from things other than air
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What is the glottis?
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It is the opening at the larynx between the vocal cords
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What is the purpose of the horseshoe shaped cartilages in the trachea?
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Protecting the trachea from collapsing when the pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes negative
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Why is the right bronchus more prone to obstruction?
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Mainly because it is wider and shorter, thus, more likely an obstruction will enter
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What supplies blood to the conducting airways?
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Bronchial circulation
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What is % of humidity of the air in the lungs?
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The air in the alveoli of the lungs is 100% saturated at the normal body temperature
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A prolonged fever can initiate dehydration by?
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Increased evaporation from increased temperature and from increased air volume passed over airways from the increase in respiratory rate
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What is the pleura?
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(covering that protects the lungs) a double layered serous membrane to reduce friction of lung movement
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What is the pleural effusion?
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Effusion into the pleura; passage of fluid that collects abnormally in the pleura
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Adequate ventilation depends on…?
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Patent airways, compliant lungs, lung atmospheric pressure difference
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Which muscles function during inspiration?
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Diaphragm (main muscle of inspiration)
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What is lung compliance?
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The ability of the lungs to inflate and change volume
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What prevents the forces of the surface tension in the alveoli?
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Production of the surfactant by the second type cells
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Define vital capacity?
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Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and forced out
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What is the relation between the surface area of the alveoli and the rate of gas diffusion in the lungs?
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Direct relation of surface area and rate of gas diffusion – more area = more gas diffusion
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Removal of a lung would cause what in relation to diffusing capacity?
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It reduces surface area, thus, decreasing the diffusing capacity of the lungs
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How is oxygen transported in the blood?
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It is attached to the hemoglobin
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To what does the PO2 level refer?
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Partial pressure exerted by oxygen in a mixture
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Bicarbonate carries what in the blood?
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The carbon dioxide is transported mostly in the form of bicarbonate
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Define dyspnea.
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Dys pertains to something that is difficult, bad, or painful. Dyspenea is difficult breathing
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The common cold is transmitted via…
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fingers
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What virus is responsible for the common cold?
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Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza viruses, RSV (respiratory syndtytial virus) and adenoviruses
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How do antihistamines adversely affect the lungs?
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They dry the bronchiole secretions
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Sinuses favor the growth of organisms because they…
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sinuses have low oxygen concentration, which many organisms favor
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What are the symptoms of influenza?
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Fever, chills, general malaise
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What agent causes pneumonia?
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S. pneumonia (streptococcus pneumonia)
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The polysaccharides capsule of S. pneumonia protects it from what?
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Polysaccharide protection means it will be difficult to be eaten by phagocytes
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Define Legionaire’s Disease.
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It is most common in people with chronic illness. It consolidates lung tissues, and it is known to spread by the water-cooled air conditioning system
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Common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS.
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Pneumocystis carinii (not bacterial, but fungus)
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What are the features of the mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis?
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Slender rod shaped, does not form spores, waxy coat that retains acid and red dye, and they are aerobes (use the oxygen environment in the lungs, as opposed to anaerobes)
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What does positive tuberculosis skin test indicate?
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They have been exposed and sensitized (possibly from immunization)
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What is the purpose of the two-step testing of tuberculosis?
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Check for boosted response to the first test
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What is spontaneous pneumothorax?
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It is collapse of a portion of lung, not caused by outside influences, caused by the lung surface rupture
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Define tension pneumothorax.
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It is life threatening. It occurs when injury to the chest of respiratory structures permits air to enter but not to leave the pleural space
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What is the pressure in relation to the lungs during a tension pneumothorax compared to atmospheric pressure?
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Intrapleural pressure exceeds the atmospheric pressure and the intrapulmonic pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure
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What happens to the trachea’s position during a tension pneumothorax?
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The trachea shifts to the opposite pneumothorax side of the chest and the vena cava is compressed with the impairment of the venous return to the heart
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What is empyema?
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A special pleural effusion, where the pleural cavity fills with pus
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What is atelectasis?
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(imperfect expansion) Part of the lung does not expand completely
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What happens to the residual lung volume during an asthmatic attack?
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It increases, as air is trapped and cannot contribute to vital capacity
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What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
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Group of respiratory disorders, characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow in the pulmonary airways
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Emphysema affects what part of the lungs?
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Abnormal enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls
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Why not give a person with hypoxia a high concentration of oxygen?
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Chemoreceptors for blood oxygen would interfere high oxygen and reduce breathing stimuli
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What happens to the lungs asbestosis?
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Injury causes scar tissue and stiffening of lung tissue
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes what lung difficulties?
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Increased permeability of the alveolar capillary membrane is the main mechanism leading to the impaired gas exchange and profound hypoxia
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What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome?
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May result from a number of conditions, including aspiration of gastric contents, major trauma, sepsis, acute pancreatitis and other serious conditions, including reactions to drugs and toxins
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What are signs of hypercapnia [increases carbon dioxide in blood]?
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Headache, flushed skin, conjuctival hyperemia (abnormally high amount of blood in eye)
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Define hyperventilation.
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Higher than normal ventilation rate
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