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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The organs are included in central circulation?
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The heart, the lungs, and the pulmonary blood vessels
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Part of the circulatory system that contains the most blood?
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Systemic veins
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Location of the openings of the coronary arteries.
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Aorta, which is above the aortic valve
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Describe the cardiac cycle.
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2 phases: Diastole, and systole
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Describe the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle.
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It occurs in the beginning of the ventricular contraction, when all the valves are closed, and the volume of blood is not changeable.
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What happens at the end of ventricular systole, what event?
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Opening of semi-lunar valves
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In rapid tachycardia, why does the cardiac output fall?
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because reduction in time for diastolic filling
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Describe Preload work of the heart.
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Amount of blood in the ventricles before the systole
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What has the greatest effect on blood flow?
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Diameter and radius
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Where is the greatest pulse pressure in the arterial system?
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aorta
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Define Pulse Pressure.
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Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (normal bp is 120/80 so during this its 120/40)
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Describe the rennin-angiotensin mechanism
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rennin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin which increase the blood pressure
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What primarily controls autoregulation of blood flow in microcirculation?
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Metabolic needs of tissues (sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanism)
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Build up of Hydrogen ions, Potassium ions, and nitric oxide in local tissues promote what?
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vasodilatation
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What blood vessels participate in microcirculation?
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Capillaries, arterioles, and venules
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Where are the majority of the receptors that bind and remove LDL to carry cholesterol from circulation?
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The liver
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Give examples of medical conditions tht can induce secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?
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Diabetes, mellitus, and obesity
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What lifestyle factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis by producing a decrease in HDL?
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Cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle (not active), animal saturated fat
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What does atherosclerosis affect?
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Large and medium sized arteries
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What are the major risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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Hypertension, smoking, blood cholesterol level
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How does cigarette smoking and hypertension enhance atherosclerosis?
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By disrupting the endothelial layer of the arteries
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How does atherosclerosis exert its effects?
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Narrowing vessel lumen (ischemia), disruption of endothelial lining, weak walls and formation of atherosclerotic plaques
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Describe embolus?
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Piece of torn clot in the arterial system that travels through circulation and blocks blood vessels
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What are the two factors that predispose to the development of varicose veins?
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1. obesity 2. long term standing (super motile)
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What conditions can contribute to the development of venous thrombosis?
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Not moving (immobility)
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What parameters of circulation are related to the arterial blood pressure?
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Cardiac output and peripheral vescular resistance
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What does the diastolic blood pressure represent?
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Pressure maintained by the peripheral blood vessels during diastole
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What does the systolic component of blood pressure directly reflect?
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Pressure maintained by aorta during ventricular systole
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How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate blood pressure?
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Increased heart rate, contraction strength, pervaso resistance, and release of epinephrine
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Long term regulation of blood pressure depends on the function of what?
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kidneys
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What are the factors that predispose someone to the development of hypertension?
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Living a sedentary life: obesity, and high intake of sodium
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Common early symptom of target organ damage in long term hypertension.
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It is found in heart failure called nocturia
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Where are the effects of hypertension on the heart largely manifested?
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In the left ventricle; left-ventricular hypertrophy
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What helps reduce water retention and decease vascular volume in individuals with hypertension?
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Limiting amount of salt (NaCl)
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Describe ACE-inhibitors?
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___ Converting enzyme - decrease conversion of angiotensin1 to angiotensin2 (also called angiotensin2)
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What is pregnancy induced hypertension related to?
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Toxic mediators and it comes from impaired placenta profusion that alters vessel endothelial cells
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Explain isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly.
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When people get older they have problems with their aorta and their whole arterial system; aorta and the entire arterial system becomes increasingly rigid.
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Describe variant (Prinzmental's) angina.
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Caused by spasms of coronary arteries
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Explain why anginal pain does not develop in a number of people with advanced coronary atherosclerosis?
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Pain tolerance, a sedentary life, adequate collateral circulation
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What medication is frequently used to reduce the risk of coronary thrombosis in the absence of angina?
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Anti-platelet (aspirin, plavix)
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What is the cause for the high frequency myocardial infarction from 6:00 am to noon?
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Catecholamine sensitivity of the coronary vessels become greater (increases), vasoconstriction action
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What are the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction?
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Lack of blood flow to the coronary arteries; crushing pain in the chest and feelings of nausea and indigestion
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This particular enzyme test is the first to increase in myocardial infarction.
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myoglobin
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Most common complication of early myocardial infarction?
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Dysrhythmia (disorder of cardiac rhythm)
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Most common initial manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathies are related to?
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Heart failure
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Describe the cardiac conduction system.
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Creates and conducts impulses; has to do with specialized myocario cells
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Describe the SA node.
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Serves as pacemaker of the heart; faster than any other cardiac cell
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What is the order of impulse conduction in the heart?
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Starts at SA node à AV nodes à bundle of his, purkinje system
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Describe what happens during the T wave of the cardiac cycle.
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Ventricular REpolarization
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Sympathetic stimulation cause what effects to the heart?
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Increased heart rate and strength of cardiac contraction
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What compensatory mechanisms come into play if heart failure occurs?
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Sympathetic stimulation (increasing heart rate), hypertrophy, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
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What are the causes of hypovolemic shock?
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Excess loss of some type of body fluid (when you lose a lot of blood, you can go into shock, if you vomit a lot, you can go into shock)
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What is the reason for the appearance of pale, cool, and clammy skin that is found in an individual with shock?
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Blood is shunted away from skin to the vital organs
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General action of ADH
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(Anti-diuretic hormone) increases absorption of water and sodium in the kidney; water and sodium go into circulation and increase blood pressure
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What causes the closing of the AV valves?
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The AV valves are closed by the tightening of the chordae tendinae
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What is the modern explanation of the mechanism of cardiac cell contraction? (which crossbridge)
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A crossbridge formed between myosin and actin
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the valves between the artia and the ventricle open
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Diastole
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What causes the first hear sound?
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Closing of the AV valves
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What is an ECG and what represents the ventricular repolarization on the ECG?
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Electrocardiogram (records electrical activity of the heart); QRS wave
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