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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is morbidity? |
the proportion of ill people in a populatopn. Generally, the term refers to the extistence of a disease or health condition |
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_____ and _____ factors tend to recieve more attention and are therfore more likely to be catagroized as threats to health |
large, visible |
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An epidemic of disease that is spread through populations of people is known as... |
Pandemic (a strong threat) |
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Define "Infidence" |
refers to the number of newly diagnosed cases during a specific time-frame |
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What diseases are associated with the MMR vaccine? |
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella |
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There are many ways in which we can be influenced. When it comes to health, what factors can influence us to become fearful? |
1.The media enhances our fears by over-reportinghealth scares and by advertising the public to change their behaviour 2. The government can also increase our fears withits campaigns about looming epidemics 3. Science has also been blamed for generating fearbecause many studies are methodologically flawed |
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The types of diseases that affect populationschange as countries develop, so risks shift from ______ such ascholera to _____ and _____ associated health problems such ascancers and heart disease |
infectious diseases, non-communicable, lifestyle |
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What is a non-communicable disease? |
a medical condition or disease that is non-infectious or non-transmissible. NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly |
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____ ____ ____are the most sensitive indicators of health in a population as they are intrinsically related to the whole scope of determinants of health |
Child morality rates |
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Define "risk factor" |
factors that make an idividual or population susceptible to disease or illness
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Climate change is now recieving both media and politcal attention since it is certainly a health hazard. Name factors that contribute to this
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1. Extreme weather events occur more often, leading to an increase in deaths, injuries, and diseases because of the waves, floods, storms, poorer air quality, increased pollens, and reduced floor safety 2. heavy rainds and more flooding may lead to the further spread of diseases 3. the depletion of the ozone layer causes increased exposure to ultra-violet radiation 4. climate change puts people at a higher risk of getting infected by tropical diseases |
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___#___ people die from causes related to air pollution
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800,000 |
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__#__ million people die from malnutrition |
3.5 million |
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__#__ million die from lack of clean water |
1.8 million
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Issues directly linked to climate chage are... |
1. The growing population of the world 2. movements people from rural to urban areas |
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The population continues to increase by about __#__ every __#__ years |
one billion, thirteen |
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One way to address population growth is to deliver effective ____ ____ ____ |
Family planning services |
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WHO preditcs that the worlds elderly population will reach ___#___ by 2050 |
two billion |
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As a result of poverty, individuals experience... |
under- nutrition, unsafe sex, poor sanitation, exposure to disease/illness, etc. |
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Africa accounts for 90% of childhood deaths from ____, 90% of deaths due to ____, and 50% of deaths due to ____ ___ and _____ |
malaria, AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases and pneumonia |
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Name the leading causes of death in high-income countries |
1. heart disease 2. stroke 3. lung cancer 4. pneunomia 5. asthma/ bronchitis |
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Name the leading causes of death in low-income countries |
1. pneumonia 2. heart disease 3. diarrhoea 4. HIV 5. stroke |
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What is health inequality? |
refers to the differences in health status between people and/or places and maifests in many ways |
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What is health inequity? |
refers to those differences that are percieced to be unfair or unjust |
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Approximately ___#___ million people are suffering from some form of mental disorder worldwide, representing __%__ of global morbidity |
450 million, 13% |
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Name a disease that has once been declared as "defeated" but has resurfaced |
Tuberculosis |
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What does "DOTs" stand for and what does it incorporate? |
"directly observed treatment short course". Patients have to take their medication under the watchful gaze of professionals to ensure that they adhere to the regime |
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Which European country has the highest obesity rate? |
England |
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The biomedical model is the dominant model, making it…. |
hegemonic |
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What is the doctrine of specific aetiology? |
a theory that states a single or specific agent causes a single or specific disease that has a specific treatment or cure |
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Thucydides introduced what approach? |
The scientific approach to the study of history
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What are the two types of historial analyses? |
social and materialist
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Historical Materialism was proposed by whom?
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Karl Marx
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Social History focuses on...
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the history of societies social structures, processes, trends. Unites sociology and history (philosphy + economics)
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What are Primary Sources?
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materials written or compiled by people living in the time period under study
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Historical Materialism focuses on...
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the relationship between economic production, social insitutions, and the everyday life of people
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Hippocrates was known as the ___ of medicine
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Father
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Describe the Hippocratic Corpus
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composed of about 60 texts which covered many topics and was known as the ancient guidelines for healthy living |
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What were the categories of illness listed by Hippocrates |
acute, chronice, edemic, epidemic |
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Humorism: diease caused by an imbalance of the __#__ humours |
4 |
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Name the four humours and their associated season |
blood= spring, phelgm= winter, black bile=autumn, yellow bile= summer
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Galen of Perganum created the Theory of ____ ____
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Non-Naturells: three kinds of phenomenon that determined health or disease
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Earth, air, fire, and water were part of Galen's...
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Thynges Naturall |
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Contra-naturals including sickness, causes of sickness, and accidents were part of Galen's...
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Thynges Ageynst Nature
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Things not controlled by human nature, such as air, motion and rest, sleep and waking, diet, evacuation and retention, passions and emotions were part of Galen's...
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Thynges Not Naturall
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What is the miasmatic theory? |
Disease of epidemics caused by foul or bad air, source= pollution from rotting organic matter |
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Which theory replaces the miasmatic theory? |
Germ Theory
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What are pathogens?
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tiny micro-organisms
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Who is the father of epidemiology and the first to demonstrate the study of Cholera in London?
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John Snow
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Define "sex"
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physiological, biological characteristics |
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Define "gender"
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socially constructed, roles ascribed according to our sex, changes over time and space
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Define "biological essentialism"
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when peoples abilities and roles in society are assumed to be attributable to their biology-
"anatomy is destiny"
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Men's bodies were once viewed as... |
1. superior; the anatomical standard
2. hot and dry humours, indicating perfection and nobility 3. less attention given to the male genitalia 4. dominated by the mind/ reason 5. Aristotle compared them to the perfection and the divinity of fire |
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Women's bodies were once viewed as... |
1. inferior and messy
2. cold and wet humours indicating the imperfection of their bodies 3. Galen emphasized sameness 4. Aristotle compared them to the imperfection and corporeality of the earth |
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What are the four organs related to the humours? |
blood= heart black bile= spleen yellow bile= liver phlegm= brain |
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Demographic Transition is... |
The study of human populations; a framework to describe and understand population change
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Epidemiologic Transition is..
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the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions; proposed by Omran (1971), adapted by Wainwright (2009)
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Changes in patterns of disease occur in three stages:
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1. age of pestilience and famine: typically agrarian; economic under-development; high levels of illiteracy; low status of women; high mortality from comm. diseases and famine
2. age of receding pandemics: declines in mortality rate follow decrease in epidemics and famine; persistently high ferility rates 3. age of degenerative and man made disease: fertility begins to decline as people live longer and die from non-comm diseases or affluence (CVD, cancer, etc.) |
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What is the McKeown Thesis? |
Retrospective study of Britain's DT- specifically looking at tuberculosis related deaths. Found that immunization and medical therapes were NOT the primary cause for the observed increase in life expectancy in Britain
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What is Poverty?
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a multi-dimensional phenomenon, a complex set of deprivations |
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What is Food security? |
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferneces for an active and healthy lifetsyle
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Define "malnutrition"
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when diet does not provide adequate calories and protein for growth and maintenance
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In 2010, __#__ million people were under-nourished
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925 million |
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Approx __#__ million people lack adequate daily nutrient intake |
852 million people |
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__#__ billion lack essential micro-nutrients |
3 billion |
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Four factors that likely contributed to decline in infectious disease and mortality during Britains demographic transition includes... |
1. improvements in nutrition and immunologic resistance 2. improvements in hygiene and the standard of living 3. increasing control of disease causing micro-organisms 4. improvements in birth control |
