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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Watson and Crick make in 1953
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the human genome project
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what is conducted on individuals who are at a higher than average risk of carrying or having a genetic problem
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genetic testing
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what is conducted on an entire population including individuals at low risk for the targeted genetic disease, defect or disorder
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genetic screening
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what method enables physicians to test the genetic condition of twelve-cell preembyro before it is transferred from the petri dish to a woman's womb
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preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PIGD)
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What is the most commonly used prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD)
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analysis of the fetal tissues via amniocentesis and/or chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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What kind of testing/screening aims to uncover genetic diseases before symptoms appear
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presymptomatic testing/screening - used for huntington's
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what is a false positive
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saying a condition is present when it is actually absent
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what is a false negative
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saying a condition is absent when it is actually present
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what is the private-sector Tay-Sachs carrier-screening program called
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Dor Yeshorim
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what healthcare system averages a particular community's losses and determines a fair rate for a geographic area
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community-rating system
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name the healthcare system that charges different prices to different individuals depending on their health status, or even refuses to insure individuals who need or will need expensive healthcare
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risk-based system
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what act requires employers to make 'resonable accommodations' for employees with disabilities
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American Disabilities Act (ADA)
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What are Morton Hunt's dilemmas reguarding confidentiality
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equal opportunity vs health protection
equal opportunity vs free enterprise fairness to the handicapped vs the greatest happiness of the greatest number individual freedom vs social control knowledge vs privacy/paternalism vs autonomy |
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What was the tv anchorwoman Bree Walker's contraversy over
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she had ectrodactyly and decided to continue her pregnancy of a fetus with the same condition. she was called irresponsible by viewers
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What was the contraversy of Shauna Curlender over
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she was born with Tay-Sachs when her parents were told they were not carriers of the gene
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what is the interaction between a healthcare provider and a patient or family member on concerns about the birth of a child with medical problems, reproductive testing options, a family history of ill health, or the diagnosis of an inherited condition called
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genetic counseling
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what are the different kinds of research done fetuses
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in utero intended for birth
in utero intended for abortion ex utero on living, though nonviable fetuses using fetal tissue from dead, aborted fetuses to treat living persons |
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what are the different kinds of research done on preembryos
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preembryos destined for implantation and preembyros not destined for implantation: stem-cell research, including therapeutic cloning
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what happened in Nov 1998 by a research group headed by Dr. James Thomson at University of Wisconsin
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a success in culturing human embryonic stem cells which had been derived from unused IVF preembyros
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preembyros created by what have the greatest therapeutic potential because they can be used to grow cells thoroughly compatible with the patient's cells- its a form of cloning
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somatic cell transfer (SCNT)
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What did Dr. Ian Wilmut and his colleges create
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Dolly- died in 2003
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what are some concerns on why not to clone
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lack of individuality
lack of autonomy may lead to objectification or instrumentalization of children |
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what is the gestating of human beings ex utero in an artifical placenta promoted by Peter Singer and Deane Wells's book "Making Babies: The New Science and Ethics of Conception"
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ectogenesis
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On what aspect did Daniel Callahan stress that the US healthcare should be limited on
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age
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what are the ways to bring about death
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1. withholding- noting giving care
2. withdrawing- stopping care 3. pain meds- shortening life but helping pain 4. physician assisted suicide 5. direct euthenasia |
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out of the 5 ways to bring about death which are moral and legal
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the first 3
1. withholding- noting giving care 2. withdrawing- stopping care 3. pain meds- shortening life but helping pain |
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what are the standards of judgment
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substituted judgement- this is what i would do
best interest- we dont know reasonable person- disagreements professional- not patient centered |
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what are the kinds of death
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heart/lung
brain brain stem -pvs |
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what is the letting to die which usually involves an instance of withholding or withdrawing a life-sustaining treatment for a patient?
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passive euthanasia
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what occurs when competent adult patients ask their health care professionals to withhold or withdraw one or more life-sustaining treatments from them
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voluntary passive euthanasia
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What was the case that the New Jersey Supreme Court later overturned the lower court's ruling on the grounds that the constitutional right to privacy covers the decisions of formerly competent patients whose legal surrogates may speak for them when they can no longer speak for themselves. The father had the respirator removed but they continued to breathe on their own.
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Karen Ann Quinlan Case.
1970s-combo of alcohol and barbiturates =>PVS |
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What case was about a 7-year PVS patient's parents that wanted to withdraw the feeding tube. The court found the family's testimony compelling and ruled that there was "clear and convincing" evidence that the patient would want their feeding tube removed if they were able to speak for themselves. they died 12 days after the feeding tube was removed
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Nancy Cruzan Case.
1983 automobile collision =>PVS Missouri Rehab Center |
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what case was about a 1993 automobile accident patient where they started to recover a little bit such as throw a ball but then got much worse (could not speak) until the point where the hospital ethics committee wanted their feeding tube removed. the mother and sister had been left out of the decision-making. Court observed the "best interests standard and the substituted judgment standard." The court concluded neither applied in this case because there was not clear and convincing evidence and they were not terminally ill or in PVS.
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Robert Wendland Case
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what case was about a patient who was in a PVS after a 1990 heart attack. the husband won a 1992 lawsuit due to failure to see a potassium imbalance that caused the heart attack. In 1998 the husband wanted the feeding tube removed but the parents did not agree bc the husband now had a new family. The husband provided clear and convincing evidence that if she was able to speak for herself, his wife would ask to die. and the feeding tube was removed
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Terri Schiavo - 2005
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name four voluntary passive euthanasia court cases
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Karen Ann Quinlan, Nancy Cruzan, Robert Wendland, Terri Schiavo
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what involves incompetent patients whose treatment wishes are no known
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non-voluntary passive euthanasia
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what case involves a mother who wished to stop transfusing her son because he hated the treatments which would lengthen his life by only 3-6 months. her son had bladder cancer and was in his fifties with the mental age of 18 months. the court viewed this as ordinary care since he was seen as an infant rather than a man in his fifties.
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John Storar case
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what court case involved a patient who was in his late sixties with the mental age of a toddler who had no family and was suffering from leukemia. the court-appointed guardian petitioned that he not be given chemo bc in reality no one really cared about him and would struggle during treatment. the court ruled using the substituted judgement standard that if he were competent he would not want chemo bc the administration would be painful to him
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Joseph Saikewicz case
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what case involved an infant with Down Syndrome and an esophageal blockage whose parents as well as physician decided against surgery to remove the blockage. The federal government decided in 1983 to regulate withholding and withdrawing decisions for severely impaired newborns
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In Re Guardianship of Infant Doe - 1982 case
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what made it unlawful for any institution recieving ferderal money to withhold beneficial treatment from an infant with serious disabilities solely on account of its condition
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Rehabilitation Act of 1973
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what court case involved a husband who stated that his wife, while still competent, said that she would want any and every treatment available no matter what. she fell into a PVS. physicians contested her husband's guardianship of her and that he was not able to make good decisions for her. she then died while the court was in process
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Helga Wanglie - 1987
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What lawyer stated that patients have no right to demand medically nonbeneficial treatment from healthcare professionals. Patients' autonomy is not an absolute right in his estimation
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Michael A. Rie
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what is the taking of immediate, direct steps to end a person's life (administering a lethal injection, for example)
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active euthanasia
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what involves competent adult patients requesting their physician (or some other designated person) to directly and immediately end their lives because of their uncontrollable pain and enormous existential suffering
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voluntary active euthanasia
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what countries permit active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
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netherlands, belgium, and switzerland
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what involves physicians (or other healthcare professionals, family members or friends) making the decision to terminate the lives of incompetent patients who they think are in enormous unrelieved pain or suffering
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non-voluntary active euthanasia
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what is it when physicians (or other healthcare professionals, family members or even state authorities) make a decision to terminate the life of a competent patient who does not wish to die. (Murder)
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involuntary active euthanasia
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what is the difference between active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
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during PAS the physician is not the direct cause of death, the patient is
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who in 1990 installed a homemade suicide device in the back of his automobile van
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Dr. Jack Kevorkian
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What case involved a patient who was a quadriplegic with cerebral palsy. she did not eat in the hospital and the court ruled that the feeding tube that she did not want was forced intrusion against her will. she has the right to refuse treatment
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Elizabeth Bouvia case
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what are two advance care directives
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living will and durable power of health care attorney
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what is the term for transplantations between individuals who are not identical twins--became successful only after adequate antirejection drugs were developed
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allographs
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when and who did the first heart and liver transplants
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1967
heart- Dr. Christian Barnard liver- Dr. Thomas Starzel |
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what requires that patients not be killed in order to obtain their organs
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dead donor rule
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what are uncontrolled and controlled Non-Heart-Beating Donors (NHBDs)
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uncontrolled- heart stop spontaneously and without warning
controlled- heart stop because life-support machines were withdrawn from them-death is planned |
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With what act did the US Congress decide to fund all patients needing renal dialysis or renal transplantation
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End-Stage Renal Disease Act of 1972
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what encourages individuals to use government tax credits, tax deductions, or vouchers to purchase healthcare insurance at their workplace or in private market
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private-market or tax credit/voucher remedy
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what approach has the government becoming the sole payer for basic package of healthcare services and goods provided to all US citizens
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national health insurance
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what plan chose to eliminate funding for very costly organ transplants, including bone marrow transplants, in order to use the money saved for services such as prenatal care for over a thousand pregnant women who could not otherwise afford it
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Oregon Plan
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