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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Mental health
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A relative state of mind in which a person who is healthy is able to cop with and adjust to daily stresses in an acceptable way
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Define mental status
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The degree of competence that a person shows in intellectual, emotional, psychologic, and personality functioning
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Define mental disorder
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a significant behavioral disorder or psychological pattern that is associated with distress or disability and has a signiicant risk of pain, disability, death, or loss of freedom
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_____ System: called the "emotional brain" because it regulates memory and the basic emotions such as fear, anger, and sex drive
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Limbic system
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Brain "chemicals that carry messages from neuron to neuron or neuron to muscle cell
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitter that regulates mood and maintains arousal
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Norepinephrine
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Neurotransmitters that are similar in pathways
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Serotonin
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Neurotransmitter that acts in midbrain on emotions and memory, in the hypothalamus and pituitary on emotional responses and stress reactions
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Dopamine
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter that suppresses activity
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GABA
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Changes in mental status may ecome evident whene there is a change in the patient's:
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-orientation to time, place or person
-attention span -memory |
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Observe for changes in mental status by changes in:
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-voice tone
-rate of speech -perspiration -muscle tension -tremors |
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Assess mental status by determining:
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-orintation
-memory -calculation ability -communication skills -judgement -abstraction |
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4 components of mental status assessment
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-Appearance
-Behavior -Cognitive function -Thought processes |
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______: disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition that develops rapidly over a short period of time. Is reversible
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Delirium
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_____: Syndrome of acquired, progressive, intellectual impairment that compromises function such as memory, language, visual-spatial skills, emotion, personality, and cognition. Is usually not rversible
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Dementia
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Structures of the brain believed to be involved in sleep are the ____ in the upper brainstem, the ____ in the pons and forebrain, the ___ and ____ in the diencephalon, and the _____ in the cerebral cortex
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-Reticular activating system (RAS)
-Bulbar synchronizing region (BSR) -hypothalamus -thalamus -frontal lobe |
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Sleep deprivation is characterized by:
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-Difficulty with daily functioning
-slow or confused thought process -slow exaggerated movements -feeling fatigued all the time -difficulty remembering things |
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Thin vascular outermost portion of the skin
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Epidermis
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____ makes up most of the outermost epidermal layer and is the principle constituent of the hair and nails
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Keratin
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_____ is the pigment that gives color to the skin and nails and makes up the innermost layer of the epidermis
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melanin
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What is the function of the dermis?
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Noutish the epidermis
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The layer under the dermis; fat is stored in this layer which is important for temperature insulation
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Subcutanous layer
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_____glands arise from the hair follicles and keep the skin from drying out
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Sevaceous
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_____Are widely distributed and open directly to the service of the skin. body temperature is controlled by their water secretion
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Eccrin
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_____glands-these are found in the axillary and genital regions. these open into the hair follicles. bacterial decomposition of the sweat produced by the apocrine glands is responsible for adult body odor
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Apocrine
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____ Glands- these secrete a lipid-rich substance, sebum, which keeps the skin and hair from drying out. The greatest distribution is found on the face and scalp, although they are found in all areas of th body except for the palms and soles
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Sebaceous
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Cyanosis-dark skin-is most easily seen in the:
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-conjunctiva of the eye
-lips -oral mucous membranes -nail beds -soles of feet |
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_____-Deeper bluish or black tone-difficult to see
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Ecchymosis
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Increased skin temperature secondary to fever, sunburn, or infection
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Erythmea
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Check for jaundice in dark-skinned individuals by checking the:
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-sclera
-posterior portion of the hard palate -palms of the hands -soles of the feet |
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Pallor is characterized by an absence of _____ in skin, brown skin may have ______, black skin may have _____. Also check the _____
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-underlying red tone
-yellowish tone -ashen gray color -conjunctiva |
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When checking for petechia, you look in the:
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-mouth at buccal mucosa or sclera of the eye
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Scars frequently have ___ development
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Keloid
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Hyperpigmentation may be an indication of:
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An endocrine disorder such as liver disease
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Small, flat, hyperpigmented macules
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Freckles
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Normal appearing moles are less than _mm
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5
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An area of darker skin pigmentation that is uaually brown or tan and typically is present at birth
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Patch
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Silver or pink "stretch marks"
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Striae
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Hair loss of the legs may indicate___
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poor peripheral perfusion
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Thinning of the eyebrows is a prominent finding in___
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hypothyroidism
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Thin depressed nail with the lateral edges turned upward
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Koilonychia (spoon nail)
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Koilonychia (spoon nail) is associated with:
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anemia or may be congenital
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_____: apears as white spots on the nail plate. Usually caused by minor trauma or manipulation of the cuticle
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:eukonychia
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Individuals with darker-pigmented skin typically have nails that are ____ or ____, and ____ may appear
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-yellow
-brown -vertical lines |
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The expected angle of the nail base is ___
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160 degrees
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A groove or transverse depression running across the nail
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beau's lines
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Pitting of the nail is commonly associated with
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Psoriay angiomsis
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Lesions that appear initially in response to some change in the external or internal environment
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Primary Lesions
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Lesions that do not appear initally but result from modifications such as trauma, chronicity, or infection of the primary lesion
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Secondary Lesions
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A fine, irregular red line caused by permanent dilation of a group of superficial blood vessels
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Telangiectasia
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A small, slightly raised, bright red area that typically appears on the face, neck and trunk of the body. they increase with age
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Cherry angioma
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Tiny, flat, reddish purple, nonblanchable spots in the skin less than .5cm in diameter. Due to intravascular defects and infection
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Petechia
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Flat, reddish purple, nonblanchable discoloration in the skin greater than .5cm. caused by infection or bleeding disorder
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Purpura
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Ecchymosis is another name for:
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Bruise
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Benign tumor consisting of a mass of small blood vessels can vary in size from vdry small to large
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angioma
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Congenital vascular malformation of capillaries - port wine stain
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Nevus Flammeus
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A type of telangiectasia characterized by a small central red area with radiating spider-like legs; blanches with pressure
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Spider Angioma
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Spider Angioma occurs with:
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-Pregnancy
-Liver disease -Vitamin D deficiency |
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A type of telangiectasia characterized by a nonpalpable bluish star-shaped lesion that may be linear or irregular shaped
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Venous star
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Venous star may be caused by:
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An increased pressure in the superficial veins
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Pressur from a shoe on a bony prominence
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Clavus (corn)
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Describes a variety of superficial inflammatory conditions
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Dermitis
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Chronic superficial inflammation of the skin with an nknown cause
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Atopic Dermatitis
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Atopic Dermatitis is often associated with ___ and ___ and is probably ___
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-hay fever
-asthma -familial |
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Atopic Dermatitis is more common in ___ and ____
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-infancy
-childhood |
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An inflammatory reaction of the skin in response to irritants or allergens
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Contact dermatitis
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Chronic inflammation of the skin of unknown cause affecting individuals throughout their life
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Seborrheic Dermatitis
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In infants, seborrheic dermatitis is known as
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Cradle Cap
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Chronic skin disorder that can occur at any age. The cause is unknown and the disease can range from mild to severe. The lesions are raised, erythematous plaques with silvery scales. Small bleeding points occur in the lesions if it is scratched
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Psoriasis
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Fungal infection of toenail and fingernail
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Tinea Unguium
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Most frequent cause of hypopigmentation on shoulders and trunk
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Tinea Vericeolor
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Appears as a scaling red rash with sharply demarcated borders
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Candidiasis
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Common areas of candidiasis include:
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-the genitalia
-the inguinal areas -along gluteal folds |
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Fungal infection of toenail and fingernail
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Tinea Ungulum
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Most frequent cause of hypopigmentation on shoulders and trunk
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Tinea Vriceolor
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What causes cellulitis?
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Strep or stap
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Describe cellulitis
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The skin is red, warm to the touch, and tender, and appears to be indurated
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Highly contagious bacterial infection caused by strep or staph
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Impetigo
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Impetigo is most common in ___
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Children living in crowded living conditions with poor sanitation
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Impetigo most often occurs in the ___(season)
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Summer
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Impetigo lesions start out as an ____ then a ____ or ____ and finally a ____
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-erythematous macule
-vesicle -bulla -honey-colored crust |
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inflammaton of hair follicles
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Folliculitis
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A chronic case of folliculitis occurs when _____
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deep hair follicles are infected (usually in bearded people)
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A foruncle or abscess (boil) is caused by ___ and often develops from ____
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-Staph
-Folliculitis |
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Scabies is a contagious lesion associated with the mite ____
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Sacroptes scabei
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Transmission of scabies usually occurs with ____
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skin-to-skin contact
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The main symptom of scabies is ___
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severe pruritis
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Lyme disease occurs from a ____
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tick bite
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Most common form of skin cancer
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Invasive skin cancer that typically appears on the head and neck and occurs as a result of excessive sun
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Squamos cell carconoma
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Squamos cell carconoma is more common in ___
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people over 50 who have blond hair and blue eyes and light pigmentation
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The most serious form of Neoplasia
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Melanoma
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Melanoma lesions usually arise from ____
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already present nevi
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_____ develops in connective tissues in people with AIDS and those with rug induced immunosuppression.
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
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Kaposi's Sarcoma appear as:
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-dark blue-purple macules
-papules -nodules -plaques -spread all over the body |
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The most common type of burn is an ___
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immersion burn
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Chronic inflammatory disease of the hair follicles resulting in hair loss of the scalp
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Alopecia Areata
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Alopecia Areata is associated with:
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-Autoimmune diseases
-Metabolic disease -Stressful events |
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Increase in facial, body, or pubic hair in woment
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Hirsutism
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Hirsutism has familial tendency and can be associated with:
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-endocrine disease
-menopause -side effect of corticosteroids |
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Hirsutism is more commin in ___ hair
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dark
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____: the basic energy requirement
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basic metabolic rate
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Basic metabolic rate is influenced by:
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-activity levels
-illness -injury -infection -ingestion of food -starvation |
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The main source of energy and fiber in the diet
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Carbohydrates
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Main sources of carbohydrates
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-fruits
-vegetables -milk |
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If more carbohydrates are infested than needed, it is stored as ____
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adipose tissue
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_____ plays an essential role in facilitating growth and repair of body tissues
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protein
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The simplest form of energy is ___
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amino acid
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Average adult metabolizes ____ liters of water every day
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2.5-3
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state of inadequate protein and calorie intake. Most common form of undernutrition and calorie intake
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Protein calorie malnutrition (PCM)
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Prominent outer rim of the ear
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Helix
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The deep cavity in front of external auditory meatus
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Concha
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The auricle of the ear serves three main functions:
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-Collection and focus of sound waves
-Location and direction of sound -Protection of external ear from water and dirt |
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The middle ear contains three tiny bones or ossicles called:
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-Malleus
-Incus -Stapes |
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The _____ is cartilaginous passage between middle ear and nasopharynx
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Eustachian tube
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____ is the function of the middle ear
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Amplification
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The vestibule and semicurcular canals of the inner ear contain receptors responsible for ___ and ____
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-balance
-equilibrium |
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Thc cochlea, coiled and snail-shaped, contains Corti structures responsible for ____
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hearing
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Sound waves reach cochlea by middle ear causing movement of ____
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hair cells
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____ transmit impulses through nerve receptors and vestibular nerve branch of acoustic nerve, CN VIII
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Sensory hair cells
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Sound waves transmit to ___ of the brain, where sound is interpreted
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temporal lobe
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Mo efficient pathway of hearing; uses air conduction
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Normal pathway
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Pathway of conduction that uses bone conduction
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Alternate pathway
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Mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear
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Conductive loss
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____ may be accompanied by visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting
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Migraines
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____ maay ocur with nasal stuffiness or discharge, red teary eyes, or drooping eyes
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Cluster headaches
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Hearing loss associated with aging
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Presbycusis
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Most painful of primary headaches
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Cluster headache
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Most common headache experienced by adults between 20 and 40 years of age
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Tension headache
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Clients grequently describe as a feeling of a tight band around their head
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Tension headache
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A group of diseases that increases intraocular pressure and damages optic nerve leading to blindness
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Glaucoma
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Inflammation of the eyelids
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Blepharitis
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Means "stye"
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Hordeolum
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Inflammation of the lacrimal sac
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Dacryocystitis
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Inflammation of the lacrimal gland
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Dacryoadentitis
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Constricted and fixed pupils
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Miosis
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Dilated and fixed pupils
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Mydriasis
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One pupil dilated more than the other
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Anisocoria
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Abnormal ocular alignment as visual axes do not met at dsired point
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Strabismus
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Central gray opacity means _____ cataract
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nuclear
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Star-shaped opacity means _____ cataract
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cortical
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"Swimmer's ear"
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Otitis externa
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_____ is bleeding from the nose, recognized as one of the most common problems of the nose
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Epistaxis
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smooth, glossy tongue
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atrophic glossitis
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Very common disorder of the oral mucosa that is characterized by the formation of canker sores on movable mucous membranes
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Aphthous Stomatitis
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_________, a malignant lymphoma, is a painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue, usually first evident by cervical lymph nodes
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Hodgkin's disease
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Fungal infection of the tympanic membrane
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Otomycosis
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