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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 structural parts of the nervos system?
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Central Nervous System (CNS)- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- cranial nerves (carry impulses to and from brain) & spinal nerve (carry messages to and from spinal cord) |
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What is the name for an abnormal ectopic movement in the brain?
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seizure
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What is the name for a sensory disturbance/halo of lights that often happens before a seizure or migraine?
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aura
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What are impulses transmitted by?
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Neurons: basic structures for receiving and sending signals
Dendrites: receive signals Axons: send signals Synapse is space between axon and dendrite |
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What is the cerebrum?
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Largest part of the brain, composed of 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes. Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
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The ______ splits the lobes of the brain down the midline
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corpus collosum
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What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum and what are their major functions?
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Frontal
conceptualization, motor ability and judgment, thought process, emotions Parietal interpretation of sensory information, ability to recognize body parts Temporal memory storage, integration of auditory stimuli Occipital visual center |
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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balance and smooth coordination
keeps person oriented in space, balance doesn't initiate movement but coordinates it |
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What is the diencephalon?
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the area between the 2 cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
it contains both the thalamus and hypothalamus |
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What is the function of the thalamus?
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relay station for the nervous system, sorts out impulses and directs them to the cerebral cortex
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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maintains homeostasis by controlling vital functions: temperature, heart rate, BP, pituitary regulator, emotions
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What are the parts of the brainstem?
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Brain stem
central core of the brain Midbrain contains many neurons and tracts Pons controls rhythmicity of respiration, contains motor and sensory pathways Medulla cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor control. Swallow, gag and cough reflex. Motor and sensory fibers cross here. |
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Where does the cerebral circulation originate from?
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carotid and vertebral arteries
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What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?
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To prevent diffusion of toxic substances and large molecules
It is a thickened capillary membrane Substances that can pass through are oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthesia, and water |
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What is the circle of willis?
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Where the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries join together in a ring
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What is cerebrospinal fluid and what does it contain?
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Surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord
Helps to support the weight of the brain, carries nutrients, removes metabolites Found in ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid space, absorbed through venous system Contains: no RBC's, few WBC's, glucose 45-75 mg/dl, protein 15-45 mg/dl |
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What is the function of the CNS?
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Brain and Spinal cord receive and conduct stimuli
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What is the function of the ANS?
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Regulates autonomic body functions such as heart rate
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
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Maintains homeostasis and defense against stressors (fight/flight)
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
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Restorative and vegetative functions; decrease heart rate, dilates blood vessels, constricts pupils
S= stress P=peace |
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What are the meninges? What are the 3 layers and spaces?
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The meninges are a fibrous covering which helps support, protect, & nourish the brain and spinal cord.
Layers: Dura mater Arachnoid layer Pia mater Spaces: Epidural Subdural Subarachnoid |
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What subjective information should you obtain from the patient during a neurological assessment?
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Headaches?
Head injuries? Syncope (faint)? Dizziness? Vertigo (rotational spinning)? Paresthesia (burning/ numbness/tingling) Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)? Dysphasia (difficulty speaking)? |
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What should be assessed in order to establish the patients mental status?
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Level of consciousness (LOC)
Orientation: person, place, time= A&OX3 Memory: immediate, recent, & remote |
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What kind of questions should you ask to establish the patienst cognitive abilities?
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Questions pertaining to:
Calculations Current events Judgment & problem solving ability Communication abilities Emotion- Mood and Affect |
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What are the 12 cranial nerves?
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CN 1- Olfactory (sensory)- smell
CN 2- Optic (sensory)- sight CN 3- Oculomotor (motor)- eye movements CN 4- Trochlear (motor)- eye movements CN 5- Trigeminal (motor & sensory)- chewing and pain sensations of face CN 6- Abducens (motor)- eye movements CN 7- Facial (motor)- facial expressions CN 8- Vestibulocochlear (sensory/ acoustic)- hearing CN 9- Glassopharyngeal (sensory & motor) swalloring CN 10- Vagus (sensory & motor) swallowing, gag CN 11- Spinal Accessory- (motor) trapezius, sternomastoid muscles CN 12- Hypoglossal (motor)- tongue |
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What does the motor function assessment consist of?
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Motor function:
Test motor strength and compare bilaterally. Assess ROM against resistance. Scale used: 5= Full ROM full resistance 4= Full ROM some resistance 3= Full AROM 2= Full PROM 1= trace movements, flicker finger |
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What are the aspects of the muscle tone asssessment?
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Muscle tone
Ranges from flacid to taut Atonia No muscle tone, no resistance Hypotonia Slight muscle tone, little resistance Hypertonia Too much resistance Spasticity Stiff, awkward movements |
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What makes up the sensory assessment?
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Sensory function
Perform all sensory testing with patient's eyes closed and test bilaterally Spinothalmic tract Pain, temperature, touch Posterior (dorsal) Columns Position (proprioception), vibration and tactile discrimination (fine touch) Vibration tuning fork to bony prominence Position (kinesthesia) Grasp toe or finger and move it up/down or side/side Stereognosis place object in hand to identify Graphesthesia trace letter or number on palm to identify |
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What should you be observing during a cerebellar function assessment?
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Posture and gait
Steady gait with arm swing, balance maintained Romberg test Have patient stand, feet together, arms at side, eyes closed. Note any change in position over 20 seconds. Finger to nose test Eyes closed tough his finger to nose. Have patient tough his fingertip to your fingertip, alter position. Hand movements Tap finger to thumb, rapidly. Tap each finger to thumb rapidly. Pronate and supinate hands rapidly Feet movements Tap toes rapidly, stand on one foot, hop on one foot, walk on heels, then toes, run heel down opposite shin |
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How should you assess the patient's deep tendon reflexes?
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Deep tendon reflexes
Have patient in relaxed position, with joint supported DTR compare left to right Short blow with reflex hammer to the muscle's insertion tendon (wrist action) Reinforcement Have patient contract muscles not being tested this aids in relaxing muscles to be tested DTR assessment scale 0-4+ 0= absent 1+=diminished 2+=average 3+=brisk 4+=hyperactive, clonus Biceps Forearm flexes at elbow Triceps Forearm extends at elbow Brachioradialis Slight flexion of foreare at elbow and forearm pronation Patella leg extends at knee Achilles plantar flexion |
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What are the 3 parts to the superficial cutaneous reflex assessment?
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Abdominal
umbilicus shifts toward stimulus Cremasteric testicle on same side of stimulus rises Babinski (plantar) toes flex |
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Where are superficial receptors located?
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They are in the skin instead of the muscles
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