Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where is the abdominal area located?
|
Between the diaphragm and pelvic area
|
|
|
What are the major organs of the abdomen?
|
Liver
Manufacturers plasma protein, bile, & enzymes. Breaks down toxins, transforms nutrients, stores glycogen, iron, vit A, D, E, C, can't live without liver Gallbladder Sac that stores bile manufactured by liver, can live without it but can't eat too much fatty food Spleen Lymphatic tissue stores and releases blood cells, blood filtration, can live without spleen Stomach organ of digestion, regulates food into gut Small and Large Intestines Kidneys and Adrenals Removes stored water and solutes, excretes waste/ regulates blood concentration and volume... adrenals secrete hormones, can't live without both kidneys but can live with 1 and go on dialysis Urinary Bladder Stores urine, can live without bladder Pancreas Insulin and glucagon, digestive enzymes to break down food (-ase) pancreatitis treatment (NPO) |
|
|
Should you be able to palpate the spleen under normal conditions?
|
No.
If spleen is enlarged this is a sign of infection. Common disorder could be mononucleosis. If you feel that it is enlarged then keep your hands off of it. |
|
|
What abdominal organs are covered by the ribs and why?
|
The liver and spleen in order to provide protection
|
|
|
What are the abdominal surface landmarks?
|
Midline
Costal margin Umbilicus Anterosuperior iliac spine Xiphoid process of sternum Poupart ligament Superior margin of os pubis |
|
|
What are the 3 regions of the abdomen?
|
Epigastric
Area between costal margins Umbilical Area around umbilicus Suprapubic/hypogastric Area above pubic bone |
|
|
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
|
Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant |
|
|
What is found in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
|
Liver, Gallbladder
Duodenum Head of the pancreas Right kidney and Adrenal Hepatic flexure of colon Part of ascending and transverse colon |
|
|
What is found in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
|
Stomach
Spleen Left lobe of liver Body of pancreas Left kidney and adrenal Splenic flexure of colon Part of transverse and descending colon |
|
|
What is found in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?
|
Cecum
Pouch at beginning of large intestine Appendix Contains glands, projects from cecum Right ovary and tube Reproductive organs Right ureter Allows urine to be transported from kidney to bladder Right spermatic cord Transports sperm from testes |
|
|
What is found in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
|
Part of descending colon
Sigmoid colon Left ovary and tube Left ureter Left spermatic cord |
|
|
What is found at the midline of the abdomen?
|
Aorta
large artery that carries blood out of left ventricle Uterus Reproductive organ- fetus grows Bladder Storage for urine til excreted |
|
|
What are some basic health history questions you should ask the patient during an initial abdominal assessment?
|
Change in appetite?
Usual weight? Difficulty swallowing? 24 Hour diet recall, amount of fluids? Indigestion? Heart burn? (pyrosis) Belching? (eructation) Abdomen feel bloated after eating (distension)? Abdominal pain (slida)? |
|
|
What does slida stand for?
|
Severity
location intensity duration aggravating/alleviating factors |
|
|
During the abdominal assessment, what should you ask the patient about their bowel habits?
|
Frequency
Usual color and consistency Any diarrhea/constipation Any recent change Use of laxatives...frequency |
|
|
What health promotional eduational tip should you reccomend to all patients over 50?
|
annual colonoscopy
|
|
|
What should you ask about past abdominal history?
|
GI problems: ulcer, GB, hepatitis, jaundice, appendicitis, colitis, hernia
Abdominal surgery Family history of colon cancer, crohn's disease, Irritable bower syndroms (IBS), Abdominal x-rays, sonograms, CT results, colonoscopy results, etc |
|
|
What are some abdominal history questions about infants and children?
|
Breast or bottle fed... how is formula tolerated?
Table foods introduced... How tolerated? Eating non-foods, i.e., grass, dirt, etc. Overweight child Eating patterns/Intervals Overweight: Onset, Family Hx, Diet Does child eat more when stressed? Do others tease child? |
|
|
What are some adolescent specific abdominal history questions?
|
Regular meals... snacks...breakfast?
Exercise? Weight less than body requirements? ** Remember that this age group has the greatest prevalence of eating disorders... don't forget to ask questions pretaining to weight loss, feelings of tiredness, diet/exercise, perception of body image, menstrual irregularities, etc |
|
|
What are some important history questions to cover about the abdomen for an aging adult?
|
Eat alone or share meals with others?
Difficulty swallowing, chewing, dentures? Bowel frequency...constipation..fiber intake... fluids... laxatives... other drugs that have GI effects? |
|
|
How should you prepare for the physical exam of the abdomen?
|
Good lighting, warm room, empty bladder
Supine, head on pillow or raised, knees flexed or on pillow, arms at side Expose abdomen so it is fully visible |
|
|
What does the abdominal inspection consist of?
|
Contour: normal ranges from flat to round
Symmetry: should be symmetric, note bulging, masses or asymmetry Umbilicus: normal is midline, inverted and no discoloration Pulsations or movements (pulsations of aorta may be seen in epigastric area of thin patients) Demeanor (is patient relaxed, benign expression, etc) Restlessness (colicky pain/bowel obstructions) Absolute stillness (peritonis pain) Knees flexed (pain) Skin (surface normally smooth and even color) |
|
|
What are some normal findings found on the skin during inspection of the abdomen?
|
Cherry angioma
Purple striae |
|
|
What are the important aspects of auscultating the abdomen?
|
-Performed after inspection and before percussion and palpation
-Use diaphragm and hold stethoscope lightly against skin -Listen for bowel sounds in each quadrant -Hyperactive (loud-increased motility) or hypoactive (decreased activity...after surgery or anesthesia) -A perfectly silent abdomen (absent bowel sounds) is uncommon -Vascular sounds- listen for bruits over aorta, renal arteries, iliac arteries and femoral arteries -Peritoneal friction rub |
|
|
What does percussion of the abdomen tell you?
|
Density of abdominal contents
size/location of organs screens for fluids/masses |
|
|
What are the normal sounds heard when persussing the abdomen?
|
Tympany because air in intestines rises to surface when patient is supine
|
|
|
Where would you hear dullness when percussing the abdomen?
|
Over a distended bladder, masses, and fluid
|
|
|
How should you percuss the kidney?
|
Costovertebral angle tenderness 12th rib thump back of hand with ulnar edge off ... patient should feel thump but no pain... pain indicates inflammation of kidney
|
|
|
Why do we palpate the abdomen?
|
to judge size, location, consistency of certain organs, and to screen for abdominal mass or tenderness
Light & deep palpation |
|
|
If a mass is located during palpation, what should you note?
|
Location, size, shape
Consistency-soft, firm, or hard Mobility-including movement with respirations Pulsations Tenderness |
|
|
What is the hooking techniques used to palpate?
|
Liver edges
|
|
|
What is blumberg's sign indicative of? How do you test for it?
|
Assess rebound tenderness to test for blumberg's sign. Hold hand 90 degrees to abdomen, push down slowly then quickly release...normally no pain felt.
It is indicative of goalbladder disease. |
|
|
What is the assessment technique order when assessing the abdomen?
|
Inspection
Auscultation Percussion Palpation |
