Health Assessment Mod 7 Vocab

Front 2

Bradycardia

Back 2

heart rate of less than 60bpm in adults or less than 90bpm in newborns

Front 3

Bruit

Back 3

occurs with accelerated or turbulent blood flow, indicates partial occlusion, an abnormal finding

Front 4

Capillary refill

Back 4

an index of peripheral perfusion and cardiac output. Depress the blanch of the nail beds, release and note the time for the color to return. Usually the vessels refill within a fraction of a second. Consider it normal if the color returns in less than 1-2 seconds. Note the conditions that can skew your findings; a cool room, decreased body temperature, cigarette smoking, peripheral edema and anemia.

Front 5

Diastole

Back 5

ventricles are relaxed, and the AV valves are open. The pressure in the atria is higher than in te ventricles

Front 6

Edema

Back 6

fluid accumulating in the intercellular spaces, it is not present normally. To check for edema, imprint your thumbs firmly around the ankle malleous or tibia. If the pressure leaves a dent in the skin ”pitting” edema is present. Fluid lies between the surface and the vascular pigmented layers therefore making darker skin appear paler.

Front 7

Ejection click

Back 7

Short and high pitched; occurs in early systole at the start of ejection because it results from opening the semilunar valves. Normally the semilunar valves open silently, but the presence of stenosis their opening makes a sound. It is short and high pitched, with a click quality, and is heard better with the diaphragm.

Front 8

Heaves/lifts

Back 8

a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole. It occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increased workload. A right ventricular heave is seen at the sterna border, a left ventricular heave is seen at the apex.

Front 9

Homan’s sign

Back 9

dorsiflection of the foot with the knee slightly bent, a positive sign is calf pain, which is abnormal sign indicating thrombosis

Front 10

Murmur

Back 10

a gentle, blowing swooshing sound that can be heard on the chest wall. Conditions - velocity of blood increases, viscosity of blood decreases, structural defects in valves or unusual openings in the chambers

Front 11

Opening snap

Back 11

Normally the opening of the AV valves is silent. In the presence of stenosis, increasingly higher atrial pressure is required to open the valve. The deformed valve opens with a noise. It is sharp and high pitched, with a snapping quality. It sounds after S2 and is best heard with the diaphragm at the third or fourth left interspace at the sternal border, less well at the apex. usually is not an isolated sound. As a sign of mitral stenosis, usually ushers in the lowpitched diastolic rumbling murmur of that condition.

Front 12

Orthopnea

Back 12

an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably. It occurs in many disorders of the cardiac and respiratory systems, such as asthma, pulmonary edema, emphysema, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and angina pectoris. Assessment includes noting the number of pillows used by the patient.

Front 13

Palpitations

Back 13

a pounding or racing of the heart. It is associated with normal emotional responses and with heart disorders. Some people may complain of pounding heart and display no evidence of heart disease, whereas others with serious heart disorders may not detect associated abnormal

Front 14

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Back 14

a disorder characterized by sudden attacks of respiratory distress that awaken the person, usually after several hours of sleep in a reclining position. This occurs because of increased fluid central circulation with reclining position. It is most commonly caused by pulmonary edema resulting from congestive heart failure. The attacks are often accompanied by coughing, a feeling of suffocation, cold sweat, and tachycardia with a gallop rhythm. Sleeping with the head propped up on pillows may prevent it, but treatment of the underlying cause is required to prevent fluid from accumulating in the lungs.

Front 15

Pericardial friction rubs

Back 15

Inflammation of the precordium gives rise. The sound is high pitched and scratchy, like sandpaper being rubbed. It is best heard with the diaphragm, with the person sitting up and leaning forward, and with the breath held in expiration. can be heard any place on the precordium but usually is best heard at the apex and left lower sternal border, places where the pericardium comes in close contact with the chest wall. Timing may be systolic and diastolic.

Front 16

Precordium

Back 16

the part of the front of the chest wall that overlays the heart and the epigastrium.

Front 17

PMI - point of maximum impulse (PMI),

Back 17

the place where the apical pulse is palpated as strongest, often in the fifth intercostal space of the thorax, just medial to the left midclavicular line.

Front 18

Pulse deficit

Back 18

a condition in which a peripheral pulse rate is less than the ventricular contraction rate as auscultated at the apex of the heart or seen on the electrocardiogram, indicating a lack of peripheral perfusion.

Front 19

S1

Back 19

sound in cardiac cycle occurring at the outset of ventricular systole. It is associated with closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and is synchronous with the apical pulse. Auscultated at the apex, it is longer, and lower than the second sound, which follows it. The sound of the mitral valve is loudest at the apex of the heart, and that of the tricuspid valve is loudest at the left sternal border in the fourth intercostal space

Front 20

S3

Back 20

sound in the cardiac cycle. Normally, it is audible only in children and physically active young adults and usually disappears with age. In older people, it is an abnormal finding and usually indicates myocardial failure. It is heard with the bell of a stethoscope placed lightly over the apex of the heart with the patient lying down and facing left. A weak, low-pitched, dull sound, it is thought to be caused by vibrations of the ventricle walls when they are suddenly distended by blood from the atria

Front 21

S2

Back 21

the sound in the cardiac cycle. It is associated with closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the outset of ventricular diastole. The second sound is louder and shorter than the first. The sound of the aortic valve is loudest on the right sternal border, and that of the pulmonic valve is most distinct on the left sternal border over the second intercostal space.

Front 22

S4

Back 22

sound in the cardiac cycle. It occurs late in diastole on contraction of the atria. Rarely heard in normal subjects, it indicates an abnormally increased resistance to ventricular filling, as in hypertensive cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and aortic stenosis. A left-sided fourth heart sound, it may be heard with the stethoscope's bell at the apex of the heart during expiration

Front 23

Pulse pressure

Back 23

the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, normally 30 to 50 mm Hg.

Front 24

sinus arrhythmia

Back 24

an irregular cardiac rhythm in which the heart rate usually increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration. It is common in children and young adults and has no clinical significance except in elderly patients.

Front 25

Thrill

Back 25

a fine vibration, felt by an examiner's hand on a patient's body over the site of an aneurysm or on the precordium, resulting from turmoil in the flow of blood and indicating the presence of an organic murmur of grade 4 or greater intensity. can also be felt over the carotids if a bruit is present and over an arteriovenous fistula in the patient undergoing hemodialysis

Front 26

Tachycardia

Back 26

a condition in which the heart contracts at a rate greater than 100/min. It may occur normally in response to fever, exercise, or nervous excitement

Front 27

systole

Back 27

the contraction of the heart, driving blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The occurrence is indicated by the first heart sound heard on auscultation, by the palpable apex beat, and by the peripheral pulse.

Front 28

venous hum

Back 28

a continuous murmur heard on auscultation over the major veins at the base of the neck and around the umbilicus. It is most audible in the neck when the patient is anemic, upright, and looking to the contralateral side. It is also heard in some healthy, young individuals.