Health Assessment - Lungs

Front 1

What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea?

Back 1

- Shortness of breath that awakens the individual in the middle of the night.
- usually in a panic with the feeling of suffocation.

Front 2

What is Orthopnea?

Back 2

- Difficulty breathing when the individual is lying down.

Front 3

What are four Adventitious Breath Sounds?

Back 3

- Wheezing
- Crackles
- Stridor
- Ronchi

Front 4

What are Adventitious Breath Sounds?

Back 4

- Extraneous sounds that are superimposed on the breath sounds.

Front 5

What are Vesicular Breath Sounds?

Back 5

- Should be heard over almost all of the posterior lung fields and all of the lateral surfaces.

Front 6

What are Bronchovesicular Breath sounds?

Back 6

- Normally heard in the posterior thorax over the upper center area of the back on either side of the spine between the scapulae.

Front 7

What is Respiratory Stridor?

Back 7

- Harsh, high-pitched sound associated with breathing that is often caused by laryngeal or tracheal obstruction.

Front 8

What are Bronchial Breath Sounds?

Back 8

- Normally heard of over the trachea and the area immediately above the manubrium.

Front 9

What is Vocal Fremitus?

Back 9

- Vibration resulting from verbalization.

Front 10

What is Pleural Effusion?

Back 10

- Accumulation of serous fluid in the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

Front 11

What is Emphysema?

Back 11

- Destruction of the alveolar walls causes permanent abnormal enlargement of the air spaces.

Front 12

What are the three types of Pneumothorax?

Back 12

- Closed
- Open
- Tension

Front 13

What is Pneumothorax?

Back 13

- air in the pleural spaces

Front 14

A closed pneumothorax maybe ...?

Back 14

- Spontaneous
- Traumatic
- Iatrogenic

Front 15

What causes a open pneumothorax?

Back 15

- penetration of the chest by either
- injury
- surgical procedure

Front 16

How does a tension pneumothorax develop?

Back 16

- Develops when air leaks into the pleura and cannot escape.

Front 17

What is a Hemothorax?

Back 17

- Blood in the pleural space
- caused by injury to the chest.
- could also be a complication of thoracic surgery.

Front 18

What is Atelectasis?

Back 18

- is the disorder of collapsed alveoli.

Front 19

What are the two types of Atelectasis?

Back 19

- Compression Atelectasis - external pressure from a tumor, fluid, or air in the pleural space.
- Absorption Atelectasis - removal of air from hypoventilation or obstruction by secretions.

Front 20

How Many lobes does the right lung have?
Left lung have?

Back 20

- Right lung - 2
- Left lung - 3

Front 21

How large is the sternum?

Back 21

- 7 inches

Front 22

What are the three parts to the sternum?

Back 22

- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid

Front 23

What are intercoastal spaces?

Back 23

- ICS - are the spaces between the ribs
- example: ICS 1= space between rib 1 and rib 2.

Front 24

What is the function of the Upper Airway?

Back 24

- Conduction
- Protection
- Filtration
- Humidification

Front 25

What is the function of the Lower Airway?

Back 25

- Gas Exchange

Front 26

What is the coastal angle of a normal chest?
The AP diameter of a normal chest?

Back 26

- Coastal Angle - 90
- AP Diameter - 2:1

Front 27

What is the coastal angle of a Barrel Chest?
The AP Diameter of a Barrel Chest?

Back 27

- Coastal Angle - Greater than 90
- AP Diameter - 1:1

Front 28

What is Ventilation?

Back 28

- Process of moving gases in and out of the lungs.

Front 29

What is Diffusion?

Back 29

- Is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move from areas of high concentration to lower concentration.

Front 30

Where do the lungs extend to in the body anteriorly?
Apices posteriorly?
Lower borders on inhalation and expiration?

Back 30

- Anteriorly - 1.5 inches above the the first rib.
- Posteriorly - the Apices rise to about the level of T1.
- Lower Borders on inhalation - expand down to about T12
- Lower Borders on expiration - rise to about T9

Front 31

What is the mechanics of inhalation?

Back 31

- Diaphragm contracts and pushes the abdominal contents down.
- Intercostal Muscles push the chest wall outward.
- these efforts decrease intrathoracic pressure, thus creating a negative pressure within the lungs.
- this pressure difference causes the lungs to fill with air.

Front 32

What structures make up the upper airway?

Back 32

- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- intrathoracic trachea

Front 33

What are the structure of the Lower Airway?

Back 33

- Trachea
- Right and Left Main Stem Bronchi
- Segmental and Subsegmental Bronchi.
- Terminal Bronchioles

Front 34

What is the tripod position?

Back 34

- Leaning forward with the arms braced against the knees, against a chair, or against a bed.

Front 35

What does tripod position do?

Back 35

- enhances accessory muscle usage.

Front 36

What is Eupnea?

Back 36

- 12 to 20 breaths a minute
- normal range.

Front 37

What is a sigh?

Back 37

Occasional interspersed deep breath.

Front 38

Is sighing normal?

Back 38

- yes - is a normal variation
- Frequent signing is considered abnormal, and may indicate fatigue or anxiety.

Front 39

What are the three types of normal breath sounds?

Back 39

- Vesicular
- Bronchovesicular
- Bronchial

Front 40

What are the characteristics of Bronchial Breath sounds?

Back 40

- Pitch - High
- Intensity - Loud
- Expected Location - Over Trachea
- Abnormal Location - Over Peripheral Lung Fields

Front 41

What are the characteristics of bronchovesicular breath sounds?

Back 41

- Pitch - Moderate
- Intensity - Medium
- Abnormal Location - Over Peripheral Lung Fields

Front 42

What are the charecteristics of Vesicular Breath sounds?

Back 42

- Pitch - Low
- Intensity - Soft
- Expected Location - Peripheral Lung Fields

Front 43

What are fine crackles?

Back 43

- Fine
- high-pitched crackling and popping noises.
- Heard during the end of Inspiration.
- Not cleared by cough.

- May be heard in Pneumonia, Heart failure, Asthma, and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease.

Front 44

What are medium crackles?

Back 44

- Medium - pitched, moist sound heard about halfway through inspiration.
- Not cleared by cough.

- May be heard in Pneumonia, Heart Failure, Asthma, and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, but the condition is worse than fine crackles.

Front 45

What are coarse crackles?

Back 45

- Low-pitched, bubbling or gurgling sounds that start early in inspiration and extend into the first part of expiration.

- May be heard in Pneumonia, Heart Failure, Asthma, and Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, but the condition is more worse than medium crackles.
- Can be heard in terminally ill patients without a gag reflex.
- Also heard in Pulmonary edema and Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Front 46

What is wheezing?

Back 46

- High-pitched muscle sound similar to a squeak.
- Heard more commonly during expiration.
- occurs in small airways.

- May be heard in narrowed airway diseases such as asthma.

Front 47

What is rhonchi?

Back 47

- Low-Pitched, coarse, loud, low snoring or moaning tone.
- Heard during expiration.
- Coughing may clear.

- Heard in disorders causing obstruction of the Trachea or bronchus, such as chronic bronchitis.

Front 48

What is Pleural Friction rub?

Back 48

- a superficial, low-pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound.
- Heard throughout inspiration and expiration.
- Not cleared by cough.

- Heard in individuals with Pleurisy.