Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CNS consists of...
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
What is the cerebrum's outer layer of nerve cell bodies?
|
cerebral cortex
|
|
|
The cerebral cortex is _______ (grey/white) matter?
|
grey
|
|
|
The cerebral cortex lacks...
|
myelin
|
|
|
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
|
1. frontal
2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital |
|
|
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex deals with personality, behavior, emotions and intellectual function?
|
frontal
|
|
|
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains Broca's area?
|
frontal
|
|
|
What does Broca's area control?
|
motor speech
|
|
|
If Broca's area is damaged, what can occur?
|
expressive aphasia
|
|
|
What is it called when the patient can't talk...he/she understands language and knows what he/she wants to say, but can only produce a garbled sound?
|
expressive aphasia
|
|
|
What lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for sensation?
|
parietal
|
|
|
What lobe of the cerebral cortex is known as the visual center?
|
occipital
|
|
|
What lobe of the cerebral cortex is known as the auditory reception center?
|
temporal
|
|
|
What lobe of the cerebral cortex contains Wernicke's area?
|
temporal
|
|
|
What does Wernicke's area control?
|
language comprehension
|
|
|
What can occur if Wernicke's area is damaged?
|
receptive aphasia
|
|
|
What is it called when the patient hears sound but the sound has no meaning? (like hearing a foreign language)
|
receptive aphasia
|
|
|
What forms the subcortical associated motor system?
|
Basal Ganglia
|
|
|
What controls the automatic associated movements of the body? (such as the arm swing alternating while walking)
|
Basal Ganglia
|
|
|
What is the main relay station for the nervous system?
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
What controls temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and emotional status,is the sleep center of the brain,and is the coodinator of the ANS?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
What area of the brain is concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, and equilibrium, and does not initiate but coordinates and smoothes movements?
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
What are the three areas of the brainstem?
|
1. midbrain
2. pons 3. medulla |
|
|
Which part of the brain has the autonomic centers for respiration, heart, and GI function?
|
medulla
|
|
|
What is the long cylindrical structure of nervous tissue that is the main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves?
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
What does the spinal cord mediate?
|
reflexes
|
|
|
What are the two types of CNS pathways?
|
1. sensory
2. motor |
|
|
What are the two sensory pathways?
|
1. Spinothalamic tract
2. Posterior (Dorsal) Columns |
|
|
Which pathway is responsible for sensations of pain, temperature, and crude or light touch?
|
Spinothalamic tract
|
|
|
Which pathway is responsible for position, vibration, and finely localized touch?
|
Posterior (Dorsal) Columns
|
|
|
What are the three motor pathways?
|
1. Corticospinal or Pyramidal Tract
2. Extrapyramidal Tract 3. Cerebellar System |
|
|
Which pathway is a higher motor system that permits very skilled and purposeful movements?
|
Corticospinal or pyramidal tract
|
|
|
Which pathway maintains muscle tone and controls body movements and gross automatic movements (such as walking)?
|
Extrapyramidal tract
|
|
|
Which pathway coordiates movement, maintains equilibrium, and maintains posture?
|
Cerebellar system
|
|
|
What are the four types of reflexes? Give an example of each.
|
1. Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR): knee jerk
2. Superficial : corneal/abdominal 3. Visceral : pupillary response to light 4. Pathologic : Babinski |
|
|
What is involuntary, operates below the level of conscious control, permits quick reaction, and maintains balance and muscle tone?
|
Reflexes
|
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
|
31
|
|
|
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
|
8
|
|
|
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
|
12
|
|
|
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
|
5
|
|
|
How many sacral spinal nerves are there?
|
5
|
|
|
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
|
1
|
|
|
What are mixed nerves?
|
Nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers.
|
|
|
What is a circumscribed skin area that is mainly supplied from one spinal cord segment through a particular nerve?
|
dermatone
|
|
|
What branch of the PNS deals with unconscious activity and maintains homeostasis of the body?
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
true or false
Infants: neurologic system is not completely developed at birth |
true
|
|
|
Infants: neurons are not _______
|
myelenated
|
|
|
Infants: movements directed by __________
|
primitive reflexes
|
|
|
True or false
Infants: Sensation is rudimentary. They need strong stimulus and respond by crying and whole body movements. |
true
|
|
|
True or false
Elderly: There is a loss of neurons in brain and spinal cord. |
true
|
|
|
True or false
Elderly: They have slower reaction time, and touch, pain sensation, taste, and smell are diminished. |
true
|
|
|
True or false
Elderly: There is a decrease in muscle strength and agility and a decrease in muscle bulk. |
true
|
|
|
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
|
1. olfactory
2. optic 3. oculomotor 4. trochlear 5. trigeminal 6. abducens 7. facial 8. vesibulocochlear (auditory) 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus 11. spinal accessory 12. hypoglossal |
|
|
What are the three tests for cranial nerve II?
|
1. visual acuity
2. confrontation 3. opthalmoscope exam |
|
|
What is the test for cranial nerves III, IV, and VI?
|
cardinal positions of gaze
|
|
|
What are the motor and sensory tests for cranial nerve V?
|
motor: mastication
sensory: light touch &(corneal reflex) |
|
|
What are the motor and sensory tests for cranial nerve VII?
|
motor function: facial expressions
sensory: sense of taste |
|
|
What are the tests for cranial nerve VIII?
|
1. whispered voice test
2. Weber and Rinne tuning fork |
|
|
What is the test for cranial nerves IX and X?
|
motor: say ahhhh
|
|
|
What muscles do the test for cranial nerve XI test for?
|
Sternomastoid and trapezius muscles
|
|
|
What does the test for cranial nerve XII test for?
|
the tongue
|
|
|
When assessing muscles, what four things should you look for/at?
|
1.size
2.strength 3.tone 4.involuntary movements |
|
|
When assessing cerebellar function, what should you look for/at? How do you test this?
|
balance
Test by looking at gait and Romberg test. |
|
|
When assessing coordination and skilled movements, what four tests should you perform?
|
1.rapid alternating movements
2.finger-to-finger test 3.finger-to-nose test 4.heel-to-shin test |
|
|
When assessing the spinothalamic tract, what should you test for?
|
1. pain
2. temperature (only if pain is abnormal) 3. light touch |
|
|
When assessing the posterior column tract, what 6 things should you test for?
|
1. vibration
2. position 3. stereogenosis 4. graphesthesia 5. 2-point discrimination 6. point location |
|
|
to recognize familiar objects by feeling alone
|
stereognosis
|
|
|
the ability to "read" a number by having it traced on the skin
|
graphesthesia
|
|
|
What is the point of testing the reflexes?
|
It reveals the intactness of the reflex arc.
|
|
|
What are the 5 reflexes we should test for?
|
1. biceps reflex
2. triceps reflex 3. quadriceps reflex 4. brachioradialis reflex 5. achilles reflex |
|
|
What is the normal response for the biceps reflex test?
|
flexing the forearm and contraction of the biceps muscle
(C5-C6) |
|
|
What is the normal response for the triceps reflex test?
|
extention of the forearm
(C7-C8) |
|
|
What is the normal response for the quadriceps reflex test?
|
extension of the lower leg
(L2-L4) |
|
|
What is the normal response for the brachioradialis reflex test?
|
flex and supination of the forearm
(C5-C6) |
|
|
What is the normal response for the achilles reflex test?
|
foot plantarflexes
(L5-S2) |
|
|
What are the three superficial reflexes?
|
1. abdominal
2. cremaster 3. plantar grasp |
|
|
What is a positive Babinski sign? What does it indicate?
|
Positive Babinski sign is the fanning of the toes. This indicates an upper motor neuron disease.
|
|
|
What are the four reflexes of infants?
|
1. rooting
2. sucking 3. palmar grasp 4. Babinski |
|
|
a high-pitched, shrill cry is a sign of _________ in an infant
|
CNS damage
|
|
|
spacticity is an early sign of _______ in an infant
|
cerebral palsy
|
|
|
one hand preference in an infant indicates _______
|
a motor deficit on the opposite side
|
|
|
head lag in an infant is an early sign of __________
|
brain damage
|
|
|
Infants have hypoesthesia until ___ months
|
7
|
|
|
hypoesthesia is...
|
a reduced sensitivity to touch
|
|
|
In neurologic recheck ___________ is most important.
|
a change in level of consciousness
|
|
|
alert, awake, and oriented to...
|
person, place, and time
|
|
|
if not awake then increase stimulus by...
|
1. name called
2. light touch on arm 3. vigorous shake of shoulder 4. pain applied |
|
|
In a neurologic recheck, when assessing motor function, look for...
|
1. voluntary movement
2. pupillary response 3. vital signs 4. Glascow Coma scale |
|
|
What is the difference between an ischemic CVA and a hemorrhagic CVA?
|
ischemic is a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel in the brain
hemorrhagic is when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds |
|
|
Which is more common, an ischemic CVA or a hemorrhagic CVA?
|
ischemic CVA
|
|
|
What are two pathologic reflexes that test for meningitis?
|
1. Kernig
2. Brudzunski |
|
|
What is the Kernig test?
|
Pt lies in the supine position, raise the leg straight or flex thigh on abdomen then extend the knee -
|
|
|
What is the positive response to the Kernig test?
|
a positive sign is resistance to straightening and pain down the posterior thigh
|
|
|
What is the Brudzinski test?
|
with one hand under the neck and the other hand on the person's chest, sharply flex chin on chest, watch hips and knees
|
|
|
What is the positive response to the Brudzinski test?
|
resistence and pain in neck, with flexion of hips and knees
|
|
|
What does decorticate rigidity indicate?
(pg 710) |
hemispheric lesion of the cerebral cortex
|
|
|
What does decerebrate rigidity indicate?
(pg 710) |
lesion in brain stem at midbrain or upper pons
|
