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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name some purposes of the musculoskeletal system.
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-Support of body
-Protection of organs -Mobility to do physical activities -Storage of minerals -Production of blood cells |
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name the components of the musculoskeletal system.
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-bones
-mm -ligaments -tendons -cartilage -bursa -joints |
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what do the bones provide?
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-support
-protect tissue and organs |
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what is the principle organ of movement?
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mm
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name three types of mm.
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-smooth/visceral
-cardiac -skeletal |
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how are mm typically grouped?
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according to function
ex. flexor, extensor, adductor |
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what attaches bone to bone?
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ligament
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what attaches bone to mm?
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tendon
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what is connective tissue that joins bone to one another?
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ligament
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what are strong dense bands of connective tissue at ends of mm?
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tendons
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what attaches mm to periosteum?
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tendons
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what is gel-like supporting tissue at end of bones?
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cartilage
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what protects and supports bones during weight bearing activities?
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cartilage
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what is an enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid? it helps mm and tendons glide over bone.
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bursa
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what is the area where two surfaces of bone come together?
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joints
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name the two types of joints
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-nonsynovial
-synovial |
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which joint is slightly movable or may be immovable?
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nonsynovial
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which joing is freely movable, filled with synovial fluid and covered in cartilage?
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synovial
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name the 7 basic types of joint movement.
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-flexion
-extension -abduction -adduction -internal rotation -external rotation -circumduction |
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what joint movement is bending a limb at a joint?
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flexion
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what joint movement is straightening of a limb at a join?
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extension
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what joint movement is moving a limb away from midline?
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abduction
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what joint movement is moving a limb toward central axis of body?
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adduction
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what joint movement is turning body part inward toward the central axis?
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internal rotation
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what joint movement is turning body part away from midline?
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external rotation
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what joint movement is moving in a circular pattern?
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circumduction
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what is the sequence of exam for the musculoskeletal system?
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-inspection
-palpation -ROM -mm strength |
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during general inspection of mmskeletal system what are you looking for?
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-alignment
-hypertrophy/atrophy of mm -joint involvement -mm fasiculation (twitching) -swelling -posture |
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how many joints will be abnormal for Rheumatoid arthritis?
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several
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how many joints will be abnormal for osteoarthritis?
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one or two
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what is ecchymosis?
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swelling
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what are some normal findings for joints during inspection?
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-move symmetrically
-no deformities/masses -no swelling/edema -posture upright -gait smooth & even |
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Do you perform palpation of a joint?
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absolutely!
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what do we assess for during palpation during the mmskeletal system?
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-pain/tenderness
-swelling -temperature -masses -crepitation |
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what is the degree of movement of a joint?
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ROM
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what joints are the only joints with one or more ROM?
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diarthrotic joints
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name the two types of ROM.
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active
passive |
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when pt moves their own joint it is called?
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active ROM
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when you move joint for the pt. it is called?
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passive ROM
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what are some normal findings for ROM?
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-full active ROM w/o pain
-some crepitations is normal -active ROM should be same as passive ROM |
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what can track the degree of motion a joint has?
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geniometer
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what are some things that may cause decreased ROM?
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-pain
-inflammation around joints -ankylosis (stiffness of joint) -foreign body -fluid due to swelling |
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how do we assess for mm strength?
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apply resistance to mm and grade mm contractions according to your judgement of clients response.
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we always assess mm strength how?
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bilaterally
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explain using the scale to grade mm strength.
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0-5
0 is no contraction of mm 5 is full ROM with full resistance |
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what is the tension present in resting mm or with slight resistance?
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mm tone
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what is normal findings for mm tone?
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firm
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what is the size of mm that is largely the function of use/disuse of the mm?
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mm mass
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how do you measure the mm mass?
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measure the circumference
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describe landmarks for the tempromandibular joint.
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condyle of mandible meets the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone
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how do we assess the tempromandibular joint?
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-inspect
-palpate -rom *open/close mouth *project lower jaw *move jaw side to side -mm strength *bite down while palpating masseter mm *clench teeth while applying pressure down on chin |
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what is normal findings for ROM when opening and closing mouth?
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3-6cm
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what is normal findings for ROM when moving jaw side to side?
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1-2cm
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what is normal findings for ROM when projecting lower jaw?
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1-2cm
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describe landmarks for the sternoclavicular joint.
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sternum meets the clavicle
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how do we assess sternoclavicular joint?
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-inspect
-palpate -rom *shrug shoulders |
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how do we assess the cervical spine joint?
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-inspect
-palpate -rom *flexion (chin to chest) *hyperextension (head back) *lateral bending (ear to shoulder) *rotation (turn head side to side) -mm strength *rotation w/ resistance *flexion/hyperextension w/ resistance |
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describe the landmarks of the shoulder joint.
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-clavicle
-acromium process of scapula -greater tubercule of humerus -coracoid process of scapula -acromioclavicular joint -glenoid fossa of scapula -glenohumeral joint |
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the shoulder joint is called?
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glenohumeral joint
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what do we do for shoulder rom?
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-forward flexion
-hyperextension -internal rotation -external rotation -adduction -abduction |
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how do we assess mm strength of the shoulder joint?
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-deltoid is abduction w/resistance
-biceps is flexion w/resistance -triceps is extension w/resistance -trapezius is shrug shoulders against resistance |
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describe the landmarks of the elbow joint.
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-medial/lateral epicondyles of humerus
-olecranon process of ulna |
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how do we want to palpate the elbow joint?
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on the grooves of the olecronon process
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nodules on elbow joint are often associated with what?
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gout
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what ROM do we assess with the elbow joint?
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-flexion/extension
-supination/pronation |
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how do we assess mm strength for the elbow joint?
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flexion/extension w/resistance
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what mm's are being used when testing mm strength for the elbow joint?
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biceps/triceps
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describe the landmarks for the wrists/hands/fingers?
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-bony tips of radius/ulna
-carpal bones -metcarpal bones -metocarpophalangeal (MCP) -proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) -distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) |
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what does RA frequently affect in the wrists/hands/fingers?
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-wrist
-PIP -MCP |
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what does OA frequently affedt in the wrists/hands/fingers?
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-DIP
-PIP |
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where do we assess for Bouchards?
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PIP
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where do we assess for Heberdons?
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DIP
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how do we assess ROM with wrists/hands/fingers?
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-Spread fingers apart (abduction)back together (adduction)
-Make a fist (finger flexion) -Touch thumb to each fingertip & base of little finger (finger flexion) -Bend fingers up (hyperextension) & down (flexion) at MCP joint. -Bend hand up (extension) and down (flexion) at wrist -Turn hand to right & left (radial & ulnar deviation) |
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how do we assess mm strength with wrists/hands/fingers?
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-wrist: flexion/extension w/resistance
-fingers: flexion/extension w/resistance abduction/adduction w/resistance -assess grip strength |
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describe the landmarks of the hip joint.
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-greater trochanter of femur
-iliac crest |
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can you palpate the hip joint?
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not really
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how do we assess ROM in the hip joint?
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-hip flexion w/leg extended (supine)
-hip hyperextension w/knee extended (prone or standing) -hip flexion w/knee flexed (supine) -abduction (supine or standing) -adduction (supine or standing) -internal rotation (supine) – flex knee/rotate leg so flexed knee moves inward toward opposite leg -external rotation (supine) – place side of foot on opposite knee and move flexed knee toward end of exam table/bed. |
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how do we assess mm strength in the hip joint?
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-flexion w/resistance (supine)
-abduction/adduction w/resistance (supine) hamstring/gluteal/abductor/adductor muscles – ask pt. to sit and perform alternating leg crossing. |
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describe the landmarks for the knee joint.
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-patella
-femur -tibia/fibula -tibial tuberosity -medial condyle of tibia -lateral condyle of tibia -quadriceps |
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how do we assess ROM in the knee joint?
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flexion/extension
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how do we assess mm strength with knee joint?
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flexion/extension w/resistance
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describe the landmarks for the ankles/feet?
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-tibiotalor joint
-achilles tendon -calcaneous -tarsals -metatarsals -phalanx (proximal, middle & distal) -tarsometatarsal joint -metatarsophalangeal (MTP) -interphalangeal joint |
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how do we assess ROM for the ankles/feet?
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-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
-inversion (big toe side up while feet flat on floor) -eversion (little toe side up while feet flat on floor) |
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how do we assess mm strength for ankles/feet?
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-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion of foot w/resistance
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describe the landmarks for the spine.
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-spinous process of vertebrae
-paravertebral muscles -iliac crest -base of neck: C7–T1 -inferior angle of scapulae:T7-T8 -L4: highest point of iliac crest -S2: dimples over posterior iliac spines |
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what are normal findings for the spine's cervical area?
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concave
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what are normal findings for the spine's thoracic/sacrococcygeal area?
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convex
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what are normal findings for the spine's lumbar area?
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concave
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what are some normal aging changes in the spine?
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-intervertebral discs thin
-vertebral bodies shorten/collapse -ROM diminishes -skeletal mm decrease -kyphosis is common |
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what compensates for structural abnormalities other than those caused by the vertebral column? Disappears with forward bending.
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functional scoliosis
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what is caused by vertebral rotation? it is more prominent with forward beinding.
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structural scolosis
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what are normal findings for palpation of the spine?
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firm
nontender spinous peocesses straight |
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how do we assess ROM for the spine?
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-flexion/extension
-lateral bending -rotation |
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how do we assess for mm strength of the spine?
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we do not assess mm strength for the spine
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what is the least common sign of inflammation near a joint?
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redness
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what does RICE stand for when treating mmskeletal injuries?
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r: rest
i: ice (heat after 72 hours) c:compression e:elevation |
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What is found in the body's RUQ?
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-liver
-gallbladder -duodenum -head of pancreas -right kidney/adrenal -hepatic flexure of colon ascending/transverse colon |
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What is found in the body's LUQ?
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-stomach
-spleen -left lobe of liver -body of pancreas -left kidney/adrenal -splenic flexure of colon -transverse/descending colon |
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What is found in the body's RLQ?
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-cecum
-appendix -right ovary/tube -right ureter -right spermatic cord |
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What is found in the body's LLQ?
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-descending colon
-sigmoid colon -left ovary/tube -left ureter -left spermatic cord |
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in a woman, what sits between the rectum and the bladder?
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vagina
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Dysphagia
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difficulty swallowing
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Dysuria
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painful urination
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what do we inspect for during abdominal assessment?
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-contour
-symmetry -umbilicus (midline/inverted) -skin (smooth, even, color, lesions) -pulsation/movement (pulsation over aorta) -hair distribution -demeanor (relaxed, facial expressions) |
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list the sequence of abdominal assessment
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inspection
ausculation percussion palpate |
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if you ausculate over the abdominal area and hear no sounds, how long should you listen for?
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5 minutes
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with percussion what sound would you hear over gaseous distension in the abdomen?
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hyper-resonance
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