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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anorexia
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a lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. The condition may result from poorly prepared or unattractive food or surroundings, unfavorable company, or various physical and psychologic causes.
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Ascites
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an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes. They may be detectable when more than 500 mL of fluid has accumulated. The condition may be accompanied by general abdominal swelling, hemodilution, edema, or a decrease in urinary output. Identification is made through palpation, percussion, and auscultation. This is a complication, for example, of cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, nephrosis, malignant neoplastic disease, peritonitis, or various fungal and parasitic diseases. It is treated with dietary therapy and diuretic drugs; abdominal paracentesis may be performed to relieve pain and improve respiratory and visceral function by relieving the pressure of the accumulated fluid. A peritoneovenous shunt may be surgically inserted to drain them via a tube from the peritoneal cavity to the superior vena cava
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Borborygmus
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One type of hyperactive bowel sounds is fairly common. This is the hyperperistalsis when you feel your “stomach growling,”
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Bruit
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an abnormal blowing or swishing sound or murmur heard while auscultating a carotid artery, the aorta, an organ, or a gland, such as the liver or thyroid, and resulting from blood flowing through a narrow or partially occluded artery. The specific character of the it, its location, and the time of its occurrence in a cycle of other sounds are all of diagnostic importance. They are usually of low frequency and are heard best with the bell of a stethoscope.
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Costovertebral angle
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one of two angles that outline a space over the kidneys. The angle is formed by the lateral and downward curve of the lowest rib and the vertical column of the spine itself.
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CVAT (costovertebral angle tenderness)
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tenderness to percussion is a common finding in pyelonephritis and other infections of the kidney and adjacent structures.
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Diastasis recti
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or a midline longitudinal ridge, is a separation of the abdominal rectus muscles. Ridge is revealed when intraabdominal pressure is increased by raising head while supine. Occurs congenitally and as a result of pregnancy or marked obesity in which prolonged distention or a decrease in muscle tone has occurred. It is not clinically significant.
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Dysuria
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painful, burning urination, often caused by a bacterial infection, inflammation, or obstruction of the urinary tract. Laboratory examination of the urine may reveal the presence of blood, bacteria, or white blood cells. This is a symptom of cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, urinary tract tumors, and some gynecologic disorders and of the use of certain medications, such as opiates
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Epigastrium
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the part of the abdomen in the upper zone between the right and left hypochondriac regions.
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Eructation
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the act of drawing up air from the stomach with a characteristic sound through the mouth
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Flatus
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air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum
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Fluid wave
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by standing on the person's right side. Place the ulnar edge of another examiner's hand or the patient's own hand firmly on the abdomen in the midline (Fig. 21-19). (This will stop transmission across the skin of the upcoming tap.) Place your left hand on the person's right flank. With your right hand, reach across the abdomen and give the left flank a firm strike. If ascites is present, the blow will generate this through the abdomen and you will feel a distinct tap on your left hand. If the abdomen is distended from gas or adipose tissue, you will feel no change. A positive test occurs with large amounts of ascitic fluid
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Friction rub
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a dry, grating sound heard with a stethoscope during auscultation. It is a normal finding when heard over the liver and splenic areas. A friction rub auscultated over the pericardial area is suggestive of pericarditis; a rub over the pleural area may be a sign of lung disease
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Guarding
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a rigid contraction of the abdominal wall muscles usually occurring as an involuntary reaction to the pain of a visceral disease or disorder or postoperative discomfort. Abdominal splinting, in turn, may result in hypoventilation and respiratory complications.
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Hepatomegaly
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abnormal enlargement of the liver that is usually a sign of disease, often discovered by percussion and palpation as part of a physical examination. With this condition the liver is easily palpable below the ribs in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and may be tender to the touch. This may be caused by hepatitis or other infection; fatty infiltration, as in alcoholism; biliary obstruction; or malignancy
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Hypogastrium
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(pubic region) the most inferior part of the abdomen in the lower zone between the right and left inguinal regions and below the umbilical region
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Jaundice
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a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood. Because persons with dark skin sometimes have yellow-tinged sclerae, the hard palate of the mouth is often the best place to asses. Persons with this may experience nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and may pass dark urine and clay-colored stools. This is a symptom of many disorders, including liver diseases, biliary obstruction, and the hemolytic anemias. Physiologic of this is commonly develops in newborns and disappears after a few days. Rarer disorders causing this are Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Gilbert's syndrome. Useful diagnostic procedures include a clinical evaluation of the signs and symptoms, tests of liver function, and techniques for direct or indirect visualization, such as x-ray film, computed tomographic scan, ultrasound, endoscopy or exploratory surgery, and biopsy. (hepatitis)
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Peritoneum
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covers only the upper two-thirds of the rectum
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Peristalsis
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the coordinated, rhythmic serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureters.
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Peritonitis
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peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed
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Periumbilical
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pertaining to the area around the umbilicus.
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Pyrosis
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a painful burning sensation in the esophagus just below the sternum. Heartburn is usually caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus but may result from gastric hyperacidity or peptic ulcer. Antacids relieve the symptoms but do not cure the condition; Also called heartburn
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Rebound tenderness
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- Blumberg’s sign; Assess rebound tenderness when the person reports abdominal pain or when you elicit tenderness during palpation. Choose a site away from the painful area. Hold your hand 90 degrees, or perpendicular, to the abdomen. Push down slowly and deeply; then lift up quickly. This makes structures that are indented by palpation rebound suddenly. A normal, or negative, response is no pain on release of pressure. Perform this test at the end of the examination, because it can cause severe pain and muscle rigidity.
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Referred pain
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pain felt at a site different from that of an injured or diseased organ or body part..
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Splenomegaly
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an abnormal enlargement of the spleen, as is associated with portal hypertension, hemolytic anemia, Niemann-Pick disease, or malaria.
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Striae
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a streak or a linear scar that often results from rapidly developing tension in the skin, such as seen on the abdomen after pregnancy.
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