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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Android Obesity
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excess fat that is predominantly within the abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs
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Anthropometry
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measurement of the body ( height, weight, circumferences, skinfold thickness)
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Body Mass index
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weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared ; value of 30 or more is indicative of obesity; value less than 18.5 is indicative of under nutrition
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Diet History
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a detailed record of dietary intake obtainable from 24-hr recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food diaries, and similar methods
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Gynoid obesity
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excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the hips and thighs
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Kwashiorkor
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primarily a protein deficiency characterized by edema, growth failure, and muscle wasting
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Malnutrition
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may mean any nutrition disorder but usually refers to long-term nutritional inadequacies or excesses
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Marasmic kwashiorkor
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Combination of chronic energy deficit and chronic or acute protein deficiency
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Marasmus
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results from energy and protein deficiency, presenting with significant loss of body weight, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue mass, but with serum protein concentrations relatively intact
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Mid-arm muscle area (MAMA)
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a more sensitive indicator of lean body mass than MAC or MAMC
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Mid-upper arm circumference (MAC)
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an indicator of lean mass calculated from the triceps skinfold thickness and the mid-upper arm circumference
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Nutritional Screening
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a process used to identify individuals at nutrition risk or with nutritional problems
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Obesity
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excessive accumulation of body fat; usually defined as 20% above desirable weight or body mass index 30.0 to 39.9
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Protein Calorie malnutrition (PCM)
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inadequate consumption of protein and energy, resulting in a gradual body wasting and increased susceptibility to infection
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Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
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levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons
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Nutritional monitoring
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assessment of dietary or nutritional status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population
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Serum Proteins
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proteins present in serum that are indicators of the body's visceral protein status ( albumin, prealbumin, transferrin)
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Skinfold thickness
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double fold of skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that is measured with skinfold calipers at various body sites
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Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
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waist or abdominal circumference divided by the hip or gluteal circumference; method for assessing fat distribution
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Alveoli
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functional units of the lung, the thin walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
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Angle of Louis
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manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the second rib
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Apnea
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cessation of breathing
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Asthma
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an abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by bronchospasms, wheezing, and dyspnea
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Atelectasis
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an abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, deflated section of alveoli
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Bradypnea
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slow breathing, < 10 breaths per min, regular rate
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Bronchiole
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one of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide
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Bronchitis
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inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion
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Bronchophony
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the spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled and indistinct over normal lung tissue
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Bronchovesicular
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the normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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a functional category of abnormal respiratory conditions characterized by airflow obstruction (emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
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Cilia
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millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree
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Consolidation
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the solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia
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Crackles
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(rales) abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration
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Crepitus
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coarse, crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue
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Dead Space
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passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange ( trachea, bronchi)
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Dyspnea
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difficult, labored breathing
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Egophony
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the voice sound of "eeeeee" heard through the stethoscope
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Emphysema
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the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles
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Fissure
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the narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs
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Fremitus
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a palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall
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Friction Rub
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a coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed
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Hypercapnia
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(hypercarbia) increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Hyperventilation
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increased rate and depth of breathing
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Hypoxemia
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decreased level of oxygen in the blood
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Intercostal Space
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space between the ribs
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Kussmaul Respiration
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a type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis
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Orthopnea
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ability to breath easily in an upright position
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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sudden awakening from sleeping with shortness of breath
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Percussion
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striking over the chest wall with short, sharp blows of the fingers to determine the size and density of the underlying organ
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Pleural effusion
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abnormal fluid between layers of the pleura
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Rhonchi
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low pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by airflow obstruction from secretions
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Tachypnea
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rapid, shallow breathing, > 24 breaths per min
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Vesicular
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the soft, low pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
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Vital capacity
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the amount of air following maximal inspiration that can be exhaled
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Wheeze
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high-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound
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Whispered Pectoriloquy
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a whispered phrase heard through the stethoscope that sounds faint and inaudible over normal lung tissue
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Xiphoid process
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sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum
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Angina Pectoris
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acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
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Aortic regurgitation
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(aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows back-flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
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Aortic Stenosis
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calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
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Aortic Valve
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the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta
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Apex of the Heart
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tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space
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Apical Pulse
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(point of maximal impulse, PMI) pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line
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Base of the heart
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broader area of heart's outline located at 3rd right and left intercostal space
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Bell (of the stethoscope)
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cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds
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Bradycardia
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slow heart rate, <50 beats per min in adults
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Clubbing
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bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions
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Coarctation of Aorta
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severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a conginital heart defect
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Cor Pulmonale
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right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
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Cyanosis
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dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
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Diaphragm (of the stethoscope)
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flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds
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Diastole
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the hearts filling phase
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Edema
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swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid
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Erb's Point
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traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space
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First Heart Sound
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(S1) occurs with the closure of the atrioventricular valves (AV) signaling the beginning of systole
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Fourth Heart Sound
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(S4, gallop, atrial gallop) very soft, low-pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole
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Gallop Rythym
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the addition of a 3rd or a 4th heart sound makes the rhythym sound like a cadence of a galloping horse
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Inching
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technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart
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LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)
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increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction (aortic stenosis)
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MCL (mid-clavicular line)
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imaginary line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax
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Mitral regurgitation
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(mitral insufficiency) incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole
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Mitral stenosis
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calcified mitral valve impedes the forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
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Mitral Valve
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left AV valve separating the left atria and ventricle
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Palpitation
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uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate
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Paradoxical splitting
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opposite of a normal split S2 so that the split is heard in experation, and in inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound
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Pericardial friction rub
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high-pitched, scratchy extracardiac sound heard when the precorium is inflamed
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Physiologic splitting
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normal variation in S2 heard as two separate components during inspiration
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Precordium
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area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels
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Pulmonic regurgitation
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(pulmonic insufficiency) backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
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Pulmonic stenosis
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calcification of Pulmonic valve that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
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Pulmonic v
Valve |
right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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Second Heart Sound
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S2 - occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic, and signals the end of systole
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Tachycardia
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rapid heart rate, >90 beats per minute in the adult
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Third hearty sound
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S3, soft, low-pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure
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Thrill
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palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur
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Tricuspid valve
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right AV valve separating the right atrium and ventricle
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Allen Test
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determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other atery
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Aneurysm
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defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect
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Arrythmia
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variation from hearts normal rhythym
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Arteriosclerosis
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thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
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Atherosclerosis
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plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer (intima) of the arteries
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Bruit
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blowing, swooshing sound heard through a steth. when an artery is partially occluded
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Diastole
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hearts filling phase
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Homan's Sign
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calf pain that occurs when the foot is sharply dorsiflexed (pushed up,toward the knee); may occur with deep vein thrombosis, phebitis, Achilles tendenitis, or muscle injury
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Ischemia
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deficiency of arterial blood to a body part due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
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Lymphedema
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swelling of extremity due to obstructed lymph channel, nonpitting
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Lymph Nodes
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small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels
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Pitting Edema
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indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue
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Profile sign
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viewing the finger from the side to detect early clubbing
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Pulse
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pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at body sites where the artery lies close to the skin and over bone
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Pulsus Bigeminus
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irregular rhythym, every other heartbeat is premature; premature beats have weakened amplitude
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Pulsus alterans
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regular rhythym, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude
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Pulsus paradoxus
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beats have weaker amplitude with respriratory inspiration, stronger with expiration
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Systole
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the heart's pumping phase
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Thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation
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Ulcer
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open skin lesion extending into the dermis with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
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Varicose veins
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dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
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Aneurysm
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defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis trauma, or congenital defect
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Anorexia
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Loss of appetite for food
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Ascites
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abnormal accumulation of serus fluid within the peritoneal cavity, associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, cancer, or portal hypertension
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Borborygmi
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loud, gurgling bowel sounds signaling increased motility or hyperperistalsis, occurs with early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis,diarrhea
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Cecum
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first or proximal part of the large intestine
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Cholecystitis
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inflammation of the gallbladder
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Costal Margin
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lower border of rib margin formed by the medial edges of the 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs
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Costovertebral angle
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angle formed by the 12th rib and the vetebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney
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Diastasis recti
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midline longitudinal ridge in the abdomen, a separation of abdominal rectus muscles
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Dysphagia
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difficulty swallowing
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Epigastrium
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name of abdominal region between the costal margins
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Hepatomegaly
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abnormal enlargement of the liver
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Hernia
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abnormal protrusion of bowel through weakening in abdominal musculature
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Inguinal Ligament
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ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen
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Linea alba
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midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles
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Paralyticileus
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complete absence of peristalic movement that may follow abdominal surgery of complete bowel obstruction
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Peritoneal friction rub
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rough grating sound heard through the stethoscope over the site of peritoneal inflammation
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Peritonitis
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inflammation of peritoneum
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Pyloric stenosis
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congenital narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, forming outflow obstruction of stomach
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Pyrosis
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(heartburn) burning sensation in upper abdomen due to reflux of gastric acid
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Rectus abdominous muscles
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midline abdominal muscles extending from rib cage to pubic bone
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Scaphoid
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abnormally sunken abdominal wall as with malnutrition or underweight
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Splenomegaly
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abnormal enlargement of spleen
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Striae
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(Lineae albicantes) silvery white or pink scar tissue formed by stretching of abdominal skin as with pregnancy or obesity
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Suprpubic
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name of abdominal region just superior to pubic bone
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Tympany
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high-pitched, musical, drum-like percussion note heard when percussing over the stomach and intestines
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Umbilicus
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depression on the abdomen marking site entry of the umbilical cord
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Viscera
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internal organs
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