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267 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What four questions are you going to ask your pt during the HHx respiratory exam?
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1. Symptoms (cough/sputum/SOB)
2. Pain with breathing? Where? 3. Hx of illness or infection (COPD/Asthma/Emphysema/Pneumonia/TB) 4. Personal behaviors (Smoking/2nd hand/IZ) |
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Difficulty breathing = (vocabulary word)
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Dyspnea
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What are the four techniques of physical assessment in order?
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Inspection
Palpation Percussion Auscultation |
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What should your inspection assessment for respiratory consist of?
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Color of skin (cyanosis)
Shape and configuration of chest 1:2 ideal Costal Margin Positioning (Tripod?) Accessory Muscle use for breathing Intercostal space (retractions?) Respiratory Rate |
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If chest configuration is 2x2, what disease could the patient have?
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Emphysema or COPD
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What is a 2:2 chest called?
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Barrel Chest
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Why do you listen to lungs posteriorly?
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That is where you listen to the lower lungs - where all of the gunk is
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What's the importance of the trachea?
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Entry to respiratory system
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How should you palpate the trachea?
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Midline to sternal notch
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How does a deviated trachea present?
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No equal on each side center to midline
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Easy way to remember where the lungs end
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Bra line
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How do you palpate the anterior thorax? (2 ways)
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Symmetric expansion (wrap hands/thumbs together)
Tactile Fremitus - Use ulnar edge "99", start right above clavicle |
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What lobe of the lung are you listening to on the R axillary?
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Middle R lobe
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How do you percuss the anterior thorax?
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Use middle finger and tap twice with other two fingers of opposite hand
Start above clavicle and go side to side down intercostal space |
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What kind of sound should you hear when percussing the anterior thorax?
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Resonance - hollow
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How will normal percussion sound on a child?
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Louder - hyper resonance
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How you do auscultate the anterior thorax?
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Bronchial/Trachea
Bronchial/Vesticular Vesticular OR Above clavicle, intercostal space 2, intercostal space 4 |
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What is the ratio for bronchial/tracheal breathing?
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1:3 (inspiration/expiration
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What is the ration for bronchial/vesicular breathing?
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1:1 (inspiration = expiration)
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What is the ratio for vesicular breathing?
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3:1 (inspiration/expiration)
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What are adventious BS?
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Abnormal BS
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Hair Rubbing
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Fine Crackles
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Velcro
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Medium crackles
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Bubbling
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Coarse crackles
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Rhonchi/snore
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Sonorous Wheeze
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Musical sound
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Sibilant Wheeze
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Leather pants on leather couch
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Pleural rub
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Barking seal
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Stridor
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How can you distinguish between a pleural rub and a cardiac rub?
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Have pt hold breath - if you still hear it, it's cardiac
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What are the three ways to auscultate voice resonance?
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Bronchophony (99)
Egophony (EEE) Whispered Pectoriloquy (1-2-3) |
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What kind of sound do you want to hear on a bronchophony?
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Muffled sound - indistinguishable "99"
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What may the patient have if the bronchophony is clear?
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Pneumonia
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What kind of sound in a normal/abnormal egophony?
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Normal - EEE
Abnormal - AAA (bleeding goat) |
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What kind of sound is normal for a whispered pectoriloquy?
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Inaudible 1-2-3
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What could be the cause if you were a whispered pectoriloquy clearly?
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Secretions/Fluid
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What should you focus on for the posterior respiratory inspection?
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Signs of skin breakdown (ulcers)
Shape and configuration (scoliosis/kyphosis) Lesions RR AP:TD Diameter |
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How should you palpate the posterior thorax?
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1. Ask pt to hug themselves/elbows up - Wrap hands, thumbs in the center at bra line
2. Tactile Fremitus |
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Where do you hear the upper lobe posteriorly?
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Above the bra line (2, 4)
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Where do you hear the lower lobe posteriorly?
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Below the bra line (6)
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How do you percuss the posterior thorax?
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Side to side, assess symmetry
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What is a diaphragmatic excursion? When do you do it?
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Test for a collapsed lung
Inhale - Percuss - mark diaphragm Exhale - Percuss - mark diaphragm Measure the difference |
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Good hint for making sure you don't have your pt hold their breath for too long
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Mimic what you are asking them to do
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How should you auscultate the posterior thorax?
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Above clavicle, 2, 4, 6, axillary
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CTA =
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Clear to auscultation
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Abnormalities in anterior chest configuration
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Barrel chest
Pectus Excavatum (funnel chest) OUT Pectus Carnivatum (Pigeon Chest IN |
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Abnormalities in chest configuration
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Kyphosis
Scoliosis |
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Asthma Reactive Airway Disease (chronic hyper reactive condition)
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I: Increase RR, SOB, audible wheeze, use of accessory muscles, cyanosis, labored/prolonged breathing
Pal: Tactile Fremitus decrease, tachycardia Per: Resonant to hyper-resonant A: Diminished BS, Prolonged expiration, wheezing upon expiration |
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I: Increase RR, SOB, audible wheeze, use of accessory muscles, cyanosis, labored/prolonged breathing
Pal: Tactile Fremitus decrease, tachycardia Per: Resonant to hyper-resonant A: Diminished BS, Prolonged expiration, wheezing upon expiration |
Asthma
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Tactile Fremitus =
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Palpation testing for vibration (99)
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Bronchitis (inflammation of bronchial tree)
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I: Hacking, rasping cough, productive thick sputum, if chronic = dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis, clubbing
Pal: Normal Tactile Fremitus Per: Resonant A: Crackles over deflated areas, wheeze. Chronic = prolonged expiration |
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I: Hacking, rasping cough, productive thick sputum, if chronic = dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis, clubbing
Pal: Normal Tactile Fremitus Per: Resonant A: Crackles over deflated areas, wheeze. Chronic = prolonged expiration |
Bronchitis
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Emphysema (obstruction of alveoli)
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I: Barrel chest 1:1/2:2, use of accessory muscles, tripod, SOB on exertion, respiratory distress, tachypnea
Pal: Decreased tactile fremitus and check expansion Per: Hyper-Resonant, decreased diaphragmatic excursion A: Diminished BS, prolonged expiration, muffled heart sounds secondary to overdistention of lungs, occasional wheeze |
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I: Barrel chest 1:1/2:2, use of accessory muscles, tripod, SOB on exertion, respiratory distress, tachypnea
Pal: Decreased tactile fremitus and check expansion Per: Hyper-Resonant, decreased diaphragmatic excursion A: Diminished BS, prolonged expiration, muffled heart sounds secondary to overdistention of lungs, occasional wheeze |
Emphysema
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Pneumonia (infection of alveoli)
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I: Increased RR, lag on expansion on affected side - Children: sternal retraction and nasal flaring
Pal: Decreased chest expansion on affected side Per: Dull over lobar consolidation A: BS louder, increased clarity in bronchophony, egophony, and whispered pectoriloquy. Crackles fine to medium |
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I: Increased RR, lag on expansion on affected side - Children: sternal retraction and nasal flaring
Pal: Decreased chest expansion on affected side Per: Dull over lobar consolidation A: BS louder, increased clarity in bronchophony, egophony, and whispered pectoriloquy. Crackles fine to medium |
Pneumonia
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Atelectasis (obstruction of airflow)
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I: cough, lag expansion on affected side, increased RR and pulse, cyanosis
Pal: Decreased chest expansion on affected side, diminished or absent tactile fremitus, tracheal shift Per: Dull over area or hyper-resonant A: Diminished BS/absent, diminished/absent voice sounds, fine crackles |
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I: cough, lag expansion on affected side, increased RR and pulse, cyanosis
Pal: Decreased chest expansion on affected side, diminished or absent tactile fremitus, tracheal shift toward affected side Per: Dull over area or hyper-resonant A: Diminished BS/absent, diminished/absent voice sounds, fine crackles |
Atelectasis
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Pleural Effusion (fluid in pleural space)
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I: Increased RR, dry cough, tachycardia, cyanosis, abdominal distention
Pal: Decreased tactile fremitus, tracheal shift, chest expansion decreased on affected side Per: Dull to flat, no diaphragmatic excursion on affected side A: Diminished/absent BS, diminished/absent voice sounds, bronchial BS over compression along with voice sounds (bronchophony, egophony, whispered pectoriloquy) |
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I: Increased RR, dry cough, tachycardia, cyanosis, abdominal distention
Pal: Decreased tactile fremitus, tracheal shift, chest expansion decreased on affected side Per: Dull to flat, no diaphragmatic excursion on affected side A: Diminished/absent BS, diminished/absent voice sounds, bronchial BS over compression along with voice sounds (bronchophony, egophony, whispered pectoriloquy) |
Pleural Effusion (fluid in pleural space)
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Pneumothorax (collapse of lung)
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I: Unequal chest expansion, tachypnea, cyanosis, apprehension, bulging interspaces
Pal: Decreased/absent tactile fremitus, tracheal shift, diminished chest expansion of affected side, tachycardia, decreased BP Per: Hyper-resonant, Decreased diaphragmatic excursion A: Diminished/absent BS and voice sounds |
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I: Unequal chest expansion, tachypnea, cyanosis, apprehension, bulging interspaces
Pal: Decreased/absent tactile fremitus, tracheal shift, diminished chest expansion of affected side, tachycardia, decreased BP Per: Hyper-resonant, Decreased diaphragmatic excursion A: Diminished/absent BS and voice sounds |
Pneumothorax
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Congestive Heart Failure (Edema around alveoli)
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I: Increased RR, SOB on exertion, orthopnea (SOB when laying flat), nocturia, ankle edema, pallor
Pal: Moist, clammy skin, normal tactile fremitus Per: Resonant A: Normal vesicular, crackles at bases |
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I: Increased RR, SOB on exertion, orthopnea (SOB when laying flat), nocturia, ankle edema, pallor
Pal: Moist, clammy skin, normal tactile fremitus Per: Resonant A: Normal vesicular, crackles at bases |
Congestive Heart Failure
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Smooth muscle, warms and humidifies, connects larynx to the brochi."
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Trachea"
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What parts of the lower airway transport air but do not exchange gas.
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Trachea and Bronchi/Terminole Bronchioles
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May indicate pulmonary edema or pneumonia; fine rattling sounds like a carbonated beverage on inhalation and sometimes on exhalation; liquid is in the alveoli & bronchioles; gets louder with coughing; does not clear with coughing
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crackles
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Rattles, coarse, rattling sounds on EXHALATION, indicates mucus in bronchii, may clear with coughing;
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ronchii
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Barrel chest, flattening of sternal angle
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Signs of COPD
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What position is helpful to a client in respiratory distress?
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semi-fowlers position helps them breathe; Lean - lean back, feet out, amrs dangling slows the O2 consumption; tripod position allows upper body to work at moving the air
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This portion of the airway is not sterile.
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Upper Airway
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Name the three lung sounds
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vesicular, bronchial, bronchovesicular
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This portion of the upper airway warms, humidifies, and filters air.
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Nose
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Major breath sound over most of the lung; soft, low pitch; inspiration is longer than expiration;
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Vesicular lung sounds
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Maintains inner air pressure, controls infection (traps particles)
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Pharynx
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Intermediate intensity and pitch; inspiration and expiration are equal in length; best herad at 1st and 2nd ICS (anterior) or between the scapula (posterior) when heard at other locations; consolidation is likely;
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bronchovesicular lung sounds
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Incomplete rings, vocal cords (sound and voice), initiates cough reflex.
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Larynx
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Heard over trachea; expiratory sound predominates; is higher pitched and louder; if heard in other locations it indicates consolidation -- a space that usually contains air now has fluid
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bronchial lung sounds
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Opening between the vocal cords.
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Glottis
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What are the respiratory centers in the brain?
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The brain stem: pons and medulla
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High CO2
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hypercapnia
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The only complete rigid ring of cartilage.
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Cricoid Cartilage
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Low O2
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hypoxemia
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Slow, shallow breathing causes carbon dioxide to build up in the blood.
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Hypoventilation
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Which muscles are used in inspiration
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The diaphragm is assisted by the intercostal muscles to lift the sternum and elevate the ribs
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Rapid, deep breathing causes CO2 to be blown off.
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Hyperventilation
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Are inhalation and exhalation active or passive?
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inhalation - active; exhalation - passive
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High surface area for gas exchange.
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Acinus
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This lung is responsible for 55% of activity and contains three lobes.
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Right
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postnatal exposure to ETS results in what?
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increased incidence of otitis media, resp tract infections, & childhood asthma; possibly related are SIDS, negative behavioral and cognitive issues and increased rates of teen smoking
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This lung is responsible for 45% of activity and contains two lobes.
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Left
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This portion of the pleura lines the outside of the lungs.
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Visceral
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What changes occur in the thorax and lungs for the aging adult?
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1.costal cartilages calcify;
2.elasticity of lungs decreases; 3.vital capacity decreases; increased residual volume; 4. increased risk for dyspnea; |
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This portion of the pleura lines the chest wall.
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Parietal
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Why are elderly at an increased risk of atelactasis and infection, esp post surgical?
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1.reduced ability to cough,
2. loss of protective airway 3.reflexes and increased secretions; |
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Contains a thin layer of fluid, allows lungs to expand without friction, pressure is -4cm H2O.
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Pleural Space
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Where ribs join cartilages; not palpable
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costochondral junctions
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The diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory neck muscles are all considered what kind of muscles.
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Inspiratory
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The abdominals and internal intercostals are considered what kind of muscles.
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Expiratory
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In what groups is TB more common?
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A disproportionate amount in blacks; and highest in immigrants from Mexico, Phillipines, Vietnam, India, China
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Innervated by C3-C5 and phrenic nerve. It increases superior/inferior diameter of chest and elevates lower ribs.
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Diaphragm
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coarse, crackling sensation palpable over the skin surface; subcutaneous emphysema due to open thoracic injury or surgery
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crepitus
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Innervated by T1-T11. Increase anteroposterior diameter by elevating ribs.
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External Intercostals
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predominates in normal healthy tissue
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resonance
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After heavy exercise or occurring with respiratory distress, commands the use of the scalene, sternocleidomastoid and trapezii to heave up the sternum and rib cage for forced inspiration.
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Accessory neck muscles
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too much air is present, i.e. emphysema or pneumothorax
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hyperresonance
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Normally this type of breathing is passive and muscles not needed.
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Expiration
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pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelactasis, tumor
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dull note
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These muscles force abdominal contents up to elevated the diaphragm. Used in forced expiration.
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Abdominal
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What are the four major functions of the respiratory system?
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1-supplying O2 to the body for energy production
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These costal muscles draw ribs and sternum downward to decrease anteroposture diameter.
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Internal
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How long is the trachea (in cm)?
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10-11 cm
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This color of sputum usually indicates colds, bronchitis, viral infection.
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White or clear
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The postoperative older adult is at greater risk for these 4 pulmonary complications:
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atelectasis, decreased ability to cough, loss of protective airway reflexes, and increased secretions.
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This color of sputum usually indicates a bacterial infection.
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Yellow or green
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Anatomical landmark that marks the site of tracheal bifurcation.
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Angle of Louis
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This color of sputum usually indicates TB or pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Rust
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Term for blood in sputum
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hemoptysis
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This color sputum usually indicates pulmonary edema.
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Pink and frothy
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The normal stimulus to breathe is (hypercapnia or hypoxemia)?
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hypercapnia
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Rapid, shallow breathing >24/min.
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Tachypnea
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The posterior chest contains almost all (upper or lower) lobe.
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lower
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Increased rate and depth of of breathing. Usually causes dizziness. CO2 loss.
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Hyperventilation
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To meet increased O2 demands, pregnant women respond normally by increased RR or increased tidal volume (deeper breathing)?
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tidal volume
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Slow breathing <10/min and regular rate.
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Bradypnea
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The anterior chest contains mostly (upper, middle, or lower) lobe.
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upper and middle
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Difficult, labored breathing. SOB.
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Dyspnea
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Awakens with SOB and must be in upright position to achieve comfort.
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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Difficulty breathing when supine.
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Orthopnea
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Contain the respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts and alveoli.
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Acinus
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SOB relieved when lying down, worsens with sitting or standing increases.
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Platypnea
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Functional respiratory unit
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Acinus
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SOB sensed while lying on one side but not the other.
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Trepopnea
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High pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound. Occurs with airway obstruction and on expiration.
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Wheezing
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The _____ chest contains mostly upper and middle lobe with very little lower lobe.
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Anterior
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High pitched wheezing result from turbulent air flow in upper airway. Primarily inspiratory.
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Stridor
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The trachea lies _____ to the esophagus and is 10 to 11 cm long in an adult.
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Anterior
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Normal Breathing
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Eupnea
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In the anterior chest, the ______, or highest point of the lung tissue is 3-4 cm above the inner third of the clavicles.
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Apex
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Coarse and low pitched sound heard on inspiration and expiration and accompanied by pain with breathing.
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Pleural friction rub
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The _____, or lower border, rests on the diaphragm at about the 6th rib in the midclavicular line.
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Base
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Cough with characteristic timing of being productive for at least 3 months of the year for 2 years.
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Chronic bronchitis
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Slow breathing <10/min and regular rate.
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Bradypnea
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A bony structure with a conical shape, which is narrower at the top.
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Thoracic cage
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goblet cells secrete mucus which traps particles, cilia propels particles out to be swallowed or expelled.
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Bronchi/Terminole Bronchioles
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This is defined by the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.
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Thoracic cage
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Cough with characteristic timing of being productive for at least 3 months of the year for 2 years.
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Chronic bronchitis
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Ribs 8, 9, and 10 attach to the ______ above.
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Costal cartilage
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The only complete rigid ring of cartilage.
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Cricoid Cartilage
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The first 7 ribs attach directly to the ______ via their costal cartilages.
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Sternum
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_________ expands the lungs and the posterior lower border drops to the level of _____.
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Deep Inspiration, T12
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Ribs 11 & 12 are called _______.
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Floating
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What is the breathing mechanism?
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Diaphragm, external and internal intercostals
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Angle of Louis, this is the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, and is continuous with the second rib.
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Manubriosternal Angle
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A musculotendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
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Diaphragm
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What is the breathing mechanism?
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Diaphragm, external and internal intercostals
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Innervated by C3-C5 and phrenic nerve. It increases superior/inferior diameter of chest and elevates lower ribs.
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Diaphragm
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The ______ is the middle section of the thoracic cavity containing the esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels.
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Mediastinum
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The floor of the thoracic cage is the.
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Diaphragm
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The right and left ______, on either side of the mediastinum contain the lungs.
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Pleural cavities
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Difficult, labored breathing. SOB.
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Dyspnea
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In the anterior chest, the ______, or highest point of the lung tissue is 3-4 cm above the inner third of the clavicles.
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Apex
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The valve attached to the entrance of the larynx.
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Epiglottis
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The _____, or lower border, rests on the diaphragm at about the 6th rib in the midclavicular line.
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Base
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Normal Breathing
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Eupnea
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______, lung tissue extends from the apex of the axilla down to the 7th or 8th rib.
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Laterally
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Normally this type of breathing is passive and muscles not needed.
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Expiration
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______, the location of ____ marks the apex of lung tissue and ____ usually corresponds to the base.
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Posteriorly, C7, T10
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The abdominals and internal intercostals are considered what kind of muscles.
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Expiratory
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_________ expands the lungs and the posterior lower border drops to the level of _____.
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Deep Inspiration, T12
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Innervated by T1-T11. Increase anteroposterior diameter by elevating ribs.
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External Intercostals
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The _____ lung is shorter because of the _____.
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Right, liver
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The lobes of the lungs are separated by ______.
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Fissures
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The ____ lung is narrower because of the _____.
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Left, heart
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Ribs 11 & 12 are called _______.
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Floating
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The _____ lung has three lobes.
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Right
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Opening between the vocal cords.
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Glottis
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The _____ lung has two lobes.
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Left
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Coughing up blood.
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Hemoptysis
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The lobes of the lungs are separated by ______.
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Fissures
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Increased rate and depth of of breathing. Usually causes dizziness. CO2 loss.
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Hyperventilation
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If you swallow an object it will go into the _____ lung because the bronchi is wider.
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Right
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Rapid, deep breathing causes CO2 to be blown off.
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Hyperventilation
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The trachea lies _____ to the esophagus and is 10 to 11 cm long in an adult.
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Anterior
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Slow, shallow breathing causes carbon dioxide to build up in the blood.
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Hypoventilation
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The _____ main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical.
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Right
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The diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory neck muscles are all considered what kind of muscles.
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Inspiratory
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The _____ and ______ transport gasses between the environment and the lung parenchyma.
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Trachea, bronchi
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These costal muscles draw ribs and sternum downward to decrease anteroposture diameter.
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Internal
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The _____ and _____ constitute the dead space, or space that is filled with air but is not available for gaseous exchange.
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Trachea, bronchi
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Incomplete rings, vocal cords (sound and voice), initiates cough reflex.
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Larynx
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Area that is filled with air but is not available for gaseous exchange.
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Dead space
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______, lung tissue extends from the apex of the axilla down to the 7th or 8th rib.
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Laterally
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The _____ lung has no middle lobe.
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Left
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The ____ lung is narrower because of the _____.
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Left, heart
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The _____ chest contains mostly upper and middle lobe with very little lower lobe.
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Anterior
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The _____ lung has no middle lobe.
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Left
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The ____ chest contains almost all lower lobe.
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Posterior
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The _____ lung has two lobes.
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Left
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What are the important landmarks for the thorax and lungs?
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substernal notch, sternal angle, 2nd rib, 2nd intercostal space, intercostal spaces, costal angle (<90), 7th cervical vertebral prominence; angle of Louis
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This lung is responsible for 45% of activity and contains two lobes.
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Left
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What is the angle of Louis
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The angle at the manubrial-stternal border
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This portion of the airway is sterile.
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Lower Airway
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How many lobes on each lung? Which can be heard from the back?
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Left side: 2 lobes, Right side, 3 lobes; Cannot hear the right middle lobe from the back; nearly all of the back consists of lower lobes; upper lobe is only to T3 or T4.
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Trachea, Bronchi/Terminole Brochioles and Acinus make up the
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Lower Airway
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Where are the lungs located?
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The apex is above 3-4 cm above the inner clavicle; the lower border is about the 7th rib resting on the diaphragm; On posterior side C7 is apex and T10 is base;
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Angle of Louis, this is the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, and is continuous with the second rib.
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Manubriosternal Angle
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What is dyspnea?
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shortness of breath
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The ______ is the middle section of the thoracic cavity containing the esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels.
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Mediastinum
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What is the rating scale for dyspnea?
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0 - never; 1 - ealking 20' or climbing stairs; 2 - w/moderate exertion such as dressing, bedside commode or distance < 20'; 3-w/minimal exertion such as eating, talking or performing ADL's or w/agitation; 4-at rest, day or night
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This portion of the upper airway warms, humidifies, and filters air.
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Nose
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What are important sujective data for the thorax and lungs health history?
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Cough - productive?, sputum?, SOB, breathing difficulties, chest pain w/ breathing, history of respiratory diseases, smoking, 2nd hand smoke, allergies, past chest trauma, environmetnal exposure; recent TBC skin test, chest x-ray, flu or pnuemococcal vac
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Difficulty breathing when supine.
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Orthopnea
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What does chest pain with breathing usually indicate?
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pleuritis
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This portion of the pleura lines the chest wall.
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Parietal
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What is the first step in the interview?
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Obtain all the data you can from observing the patient; for example, agitated patients or low conscious patients may have a breathing issue; mouth vs nose breathing; patent or flaring nares? pursing of lips; color; facial expression; neck trachial
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Awakens with SOB and must be in upright position to achieve comfort.
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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Why do people purse their lips?
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prolongs expiration and increases positive pressure
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Maintains inner air pressure, controls infection (traps particles)
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Pharynx
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What is RSV?
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Respiratory synctial virus; a common virus among children and adults; may cause more serious problems in older adults and adults with heart/lung disease, preemies and babies with other medical conditions
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This color sputum usually indicates pulmonary edema.
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Pink and frothy
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What are causes of clubbing?
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chronic hypoxia; lung cancer
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SOB relieved when lying down, worsens with sitting or standing increases.
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Platypnea
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What is a normal Respiration rate?
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12-20 RPM
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The right and left ______, on either side of the mediastinum contain the lungs.
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Pleural cavities
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What do you report about respirations?
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rate*rhythm*depth*effort
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Coarse and low pitched sound heard on inspiration and expiration and accompanied by pain with breathing.
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Pleural friction rub
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regular irregularity often w/periods of apnea; seen in patients who are dying; heart failure
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Cheyne Stokes breathing
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Contains a thin layer of fluid, allows lungs to expand without friction, pressure is -4cm H2O.
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Pleural Space
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iregular with apnea; brain damage; respiratory depression; may be normal in babies
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Biot's breathing
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The ____ chest contains almost all lower lobe.
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Posterior
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What are childrens respiratory rates by age?
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12 15-20
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______, the location of ____ marks the apex of lung tissue and ____ usually corresponds to the base.
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Posteriorly, C7, T10
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What is PECTUS EXCAVATUM
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Sunken chest; congenital defect
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The _____ lung is shorter because of the _____.
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Right, liver
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What is rectus carniatum
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prominent sternum; congenital
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If you swallow an object it will go into the _____ lung because the bronchi is wider.
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Right
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You can see the ribs working hard to move the air; example croup
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Retractions
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The _____ lung has three lobes.
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Right
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Upper airway obstruction
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stridor
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The _____ main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical.
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Right
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Lower airway obstruction; musical, may hear without a stethoscope; high pitch notes; asthma; emphysema
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wheeze
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This lung is responsible for 55% of activity and contains three lobes.
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Right
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Caused by air in tissues; feels like bubble wrap or rice krispies under the skin;
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crepitus
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The first 7 ribs attach directly to the ______ via their costal cartilages.
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Sternum
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High pitched wheezing result from turbulent air flow in upper airway. Primarily inspiratory.
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Stridor
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Rapid, shallow breathing >24/min.
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Tachypnea
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A bony structure with a conical shape, which is narrower at the top.
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Thoracic cage
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This is defined by the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.
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Thoracic cage
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What parts of the lower airway transport air but do not exchange gas.
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Trachea and Bronchi/Terminole Bronchioles
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The _____ and _____ constitute the dead space, or space that is filled with air but is not available for gaseous exchange.
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Trachea, bronchi
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The _____ and ______ transport gasses between the environment and the lung parenchyma.
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Trachea, bronchi
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Smooth muscle, warms and humidifies, connects larynx to the brochi.
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Trachea
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SOB sensed while lying on one side but not the other.
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Trepopnea
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This portion of the airway is not sterile.
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Upper Airway
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This portion of the pleura lines the outside of the lungs.
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Visceral
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High pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound. Occurs with airway obstruction and on expiration.
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Wheezing
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This color of sputum usually indicates colds, bronchitis, viral infection.
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White or clear
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This color of sputum usually indicates a bacterial infection.
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Yellow or green
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is measured by the ration of lecitin and sphingolin
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fetal pulmonary developmentis facilitated by diaphragm and intercostals muscles inspiration
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there is an increase in tactile fremetus in individual with pneumonia
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pneumonia
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seen in COPD
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purse lip breathing
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is defined by sternum, ribs, diaphragm
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the thoracic wall
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An acute pulmonary insult (trauma, gastric acid aspiration, shock, sepsis) damages alveolar capillary membrane, leading to increased capillary permeability of pulmonary capillaries and alveolar epithleium, and to pulmonary edema.
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ARDS
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Acute onset of apprehension and dyspnea.
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Restlessness, Disorientation,Rapid shallow breathing, productive cough,
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An allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, irritants, microbes, stress, or exercise that produces bronchospasm, inflammation, edema in walls of bronchioles, and secretion of highly viscous mucus.
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Athsma
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Airway resistance.
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Wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness.
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Collapsed shrunken section of alveoli or an entire lung >>> airway obstruction, compression on the lung, lack of surfactant.
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Atelectasis
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