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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anteriorly, how many pairs of ribs articulate with the sternum by way of costal cartilages?
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7
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Which ribs are considered "floating" ribs?
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11 & 12
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Four pairs of ribs (7-10) attach to the cartilage of the ribs superior to them. This forms an angle between the right and left costal margin at the level of the xiphoid process. What is this important landmark called?
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Costal Angle
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What structures are included in the thoracic cavity?
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Mediastinum (central area of chest that includes the trachea, esophagus & heart) and the lungs.
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What part of the lungs extends slightly above the clavicle?
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Apex.
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What part of the lung rests at the level of the diaphragm?
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Base.
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To what rib does the lungs extend anteriorly (midclavicular line)?
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The 6th rib.
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Posteriorly, to what rib does the base of the lung extend?
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The 10th rib.
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
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3.
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How many lobes does the left lung have?
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2.
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What pleura lines the chest cavity?
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Parietal.
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What pleura lines the external surface of the lungs?
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Visceral.
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Which bronchus is shorter, making aspirated objects more likely to enter the corresponding lung?
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Right bronchus.
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Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
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Alveolar sacs.
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What is responsible for the involuntary control of respiration?
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The medulla & pons of the brain stem.
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What is dyspnea?
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Difficulty breathing.
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What is orthopnea?
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Difficulty breathing when lying supine.
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What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
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Severe dyspnea that awakens the person from sleep.
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What is sleep apnea?
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Periods of breathing cessation during sleep.
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In what illnesses is white or mucoid sputum typically seen?
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Common colds, viral infections, or bronchitis.
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In what illness green or yellow sputum typically seen?
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Bacterial infection.
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What is hemoptysis?
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Blood in the sputum during severe respiratory conditions.
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In what illness is rust-colored sputum typically seen?
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Tuberculosis or pneumonia.
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In what illness is pink, frothy sputum typically seen?
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Pulmonary edema.
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When is cyanosis usually seen?
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Hypoxia.
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What is kyphosis?
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An increased curve of the thoracic spine.
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What is crepitus?
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A crackling sensation that can be palpated when air passes through fluid or exudate.
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What is fremitus?
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Vibrations of air felt in the chest wall (assessed for symmetry when patient says "ninety-nine"). {Use ball of hand}
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Where should the thumbs be to assess chest expansion?
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T9 or T10.
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What is resonance?
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Percussion tone elicited over normal lung tissue.
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When might hyperresonance be elicited?
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Trapped air in pneumothorax or emphysema.
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When might dullness be elicited?
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When fluid or solid tissue replaces air in the lungs.
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What are the 3 normal breath sounds?
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Bronchial, bronchovesicular, and vesicular.
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What are the 2 main adventitious breath sounds?
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Crackles & wheezes.
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Loud, high-pitched breath sounds heard over the trachea & thorax. The sound is short during inspiration and long in expiration.
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Bronchial sounds.
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Moderately-pitched breath sounds heard over the major bronchi. The sound is the same during inspiration and expiration.
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Bronchovesicular sounds.
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Low-pitched breath sounds heard over the peripheral lung fields. The sound is long in inspiration, and short in expiration.
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Vesicular sounds.
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When patient says "ninety-nine", voice transmission is soft, muffled, and indistinct. Phrase cannot be distinguished but sound is heard.
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Bronchophony.
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When client says "E", transmission will be soft and muffled but the letter should be distinguishable. If it sounds like "A", consolidation may be present.
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Egophony.
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High-pitched, short, popping sounds heard during inspiration and not cleared with coughing (rubbing hair together).
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Crackles (fine).
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Low-pitched, bubbling, moist sounds that may persist from early inspiration to early expiration (sounds like separating velcro).
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Crackles (coarse).
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Low-pitched, dry, grating sound; occurs during both inspiration and expiration.
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Pleural friction rub.
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High-pitched, musical sounds heard primarily during expiration.
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Wheeze (sibilant).
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Low-pitched, snoring or moaning sounds heard primarily during expiration; may clear with coughing.
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Wheeze (sonorous).
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What is normal breathing rate?
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12-20/minute.
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Breathing is greater than 24/minute?
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Tachypnea.
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Breathing is less than 10/minute?
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Bradypnea.
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Regular pattern characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by periods of apnea.
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
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Irregular pattern characterized by varying depth and rate of respirations followed by periods of apnea.
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Biot's respiration.
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How many points should be percussed and auscultated on the anterior thorax?
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10.
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Where do most breast tumors occur?
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Tail of spence.
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When should a woman perform a self breast exam?
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Monthly, about a week after menses.
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What are the 3 patterns of breast examination?
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Circular,wedge, and vertical strip.
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The anterior chest area that overlies the heart and great vessels.
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Precordium.
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What veins return blood to the right atrium from the upper and lower torso?
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Superior & inferior vena cava.
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What artery exits the right ventricle, bifurcates, and carries blood to the lungs?
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Pulmonary artery.
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What veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium?
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Pulmonary veins.
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What artery transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body?
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Aorta.
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Which part of the heart receive blood returning to the heart?
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Atria.
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Which part of the heart pump blood out of the heart?
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Ventricle.
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Which part of the heart has the greatest workload?
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Left side.
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What are the 2 atrioventricular valves?
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Tricuspid & Bicuspid.
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Where is the tricuspid valve located?
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Between the right atrium and right ventricle.
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Where is the bicuspid valve located?
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Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
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Where are the semilunar valves located?
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At the exit of each ventricle at the beginning of the great vessels.
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Loose fitting fibroserous sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart.
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Pericardium.
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What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
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The SA node.
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Relaxation of the ventricles (filling).
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Diastole.
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Contraction of the ventricles (emptying).
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Systole.
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Heart sounds are produced by what?
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Valve closure.
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What causes the heart sound S1?
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Closure of the AV valves.
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What causes the heart sound S2?
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Closure of the semilunar valves.
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S3 heart sound is AKA?
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Ventricular gallop.
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S4 heart sound is AKA?
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Atrial gallop.
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Turbulent blood flow in which a swooshing or blowing sound may be auscultated over the precordium?
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Murmur.
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Where is the aortic area?
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2nd intercostal space @ the right sternal border.
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Where is the pulmonic area?
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2nd or 3rd intercostal space @ left sternal border.
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Where is Erb's point?
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3rd to 5th intercostal space @ left sternal border.
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Where is the mitral (apical) area?
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5th intercostal space near the left midclavicular line.
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Where is the tricuspid area?
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4th or 5th intercostal space @ the left lower sternal border.
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What is stroke volume?
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The amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction.
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What is Kussmaul's sign?
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An increase in venous pressure on inspiration.
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What is a 2+ pulse considered?
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Normal.
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What is the normal heart rate?
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60-100 BPM
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