Health Assesment

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The collection of data about an individual's health state

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Assessment

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The Western European/North American tradtion that views health as the absence of disease

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Biomedical Model

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A Complete health history and full physical examination

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Complete data base

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Simultaneously problem-solving while self-improving one's own thinking ability

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Critical thinking

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A method of collecting and analyzing clinical information with the following components 1 attending to initially available cues, 2 formulationg diagnostic hypotheses 3 gathering data relative to the tentative hypothese 4 evaluating each hypothesis with the new data collected, arriving at a final diagnosis

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Diagnostic reasoning

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Rapid collection of the data base, often compiled concurrently with lifesaving measures

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emergency data base

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the total of all the conditions and elements that make up the surroundings and influence the development of a person

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environment

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data base used for a limited or short-term problem; concerns mainly one proble, once cue complex, or one body system

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episodic data base

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data base used in all settings to monitor progress on short-term or chronic health problems

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follow-up data base

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the view that the mind, body and spirit are interdependent and function as a whole within the environment

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Holistic health

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Used to evaluate the cause and etiology of disease; focus is on the function or malfunction of a specific organ system

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Medical diagnosis

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used to evaluate the response of the whole person to actual or potential health problems

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nursing diagnosis

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a method of collecting and analyzing clinical information with the following components 1 assessment 2 diagnosis 2 outcome identification 4 planning 5 implementation and 6 evaluation

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nursing process

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What the health professional observes by inspecting, palpating, percussing, and auscultating during the physical examination

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Objective data

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Any action directed toward promoting health and preventing the occurrence of disease

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prevention

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What the person says about himself or herself during history taking

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Subjective data

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a dynamic process and view of health; a move toward optimal functioning

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wellness

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The characteristic of focusing on only one aspect of a situation at a time and ignoring other characteristics

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centration

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children playing the same game and interacting while doing it

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cooperative play

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a child can witness an event, form a mental representation of it, and imitate it later in the absence of the model

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Delayed imitation

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the characteristic of focusing on one's own interests, needs and point of view and lacking concern for others

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egocentric

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Piaget's term for the concept acquired by age 2 that an infant can think of an external evernt without actually experiencing it

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Mental representation

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Piaget's term for the concept acquired during infancy that objects and people continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight

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Object permanence

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Using the hand and fingers for the act of grasping

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Prehension

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The total of the biologic reactions to an adverse stimulus--whether it be physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external--that tends to disturb the homeostasis of the body

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Stress

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Piaget's term for the concept acquired during childhood in which the child uses symbols to represent people, objects, and events

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Symbolic function

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Speech used by age 3 or 4 in which three- or four-wod sentences contain only the essential words

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Telegraphic speech

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The young child's thinking that when two events occur simultaneously, that one caused the other, even though they are unrelated

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Trasductive reasoning

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Tendency to impose your beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior on individuals from another culture

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Cultural Imposition

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State of disorientation to a different cultural group because of its sudden strangeness, unfamiliarity, and imcompatibility to person's perceptions and expectations

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Culture Shock

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Tendency to view your own way of life as the most desirable, acceptable, or best and to act superior to another culutre's lifeways

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Ethnocentrism

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Lay healer in the person's culture apart from the biomedical/seientific health care system

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folk healer

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Ties with others by virtue of heredity and kinship

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Lineal relationships

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rules by which human behavior is governed, which result from the cultural values held by the group

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norms

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an organized system of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially a belief in God or gods

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religion

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Each person's personal effort to find purpose and meaning in life

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spirituality

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Fairly large aggregates of people who have shared characteristics that are not common to all members of the culture

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Subculture

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a desirable or undesirable state of affairs, and a universal feature of all cultures

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Values

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Health exsists when all aspects of the peron are in perfect balance

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Yin/Yang theory

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imagining that inanimate objects (e.g. a blood pressure cuff) come alive and have human characteristics

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animism

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the use of euphemisms to avoid reality or to hide feelings

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Avoidance language

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examiner's response used when the patient's word choice is ambiguous or confusing

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Clarification

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questions that ask for specific information; elicit a short, one or two word answer, a yes or no, or a forced choice

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Closed questions

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response in which examiner give honest feedback about what he or she has seen or felt after observing a certain patient action, feeling, or statement

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Confrontation

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the use of impersonal speech to put space between the self and a threat

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distancing

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viewing the world from the other person's inner frame of reference while remaining yourself; recognizing and accepting the other person's feelings without criticism

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Empathy

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The tendency to view your own way of life as the most desirable, acceptable, or best and to act in a superior manner to another culture's lifeways

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ethnocentrism

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examiner's statements that inform the patient; examiner shares factual and objective information

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Explanation

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examiner's response that encourages the patient to say more, to continue with the story

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facilitation

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examiner's statement that is not based on direct observation, but is based on examiner's inference or conclusion; it links events, makes associations, or implies cause

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interpretation

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meeting between examiner and patinet with the goal of gathering a complete health history

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interview

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using medical vocabulary with patient in an exclusionary and paternalistic way

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jargon

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a question that implies that one answer would be better than another

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leading question

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message conveyed through body language--posture, gestures, facial expression, eye contact, touch, and even where one places the chairs

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nonverbal communication

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asks for longer narrative information; unbiased; leaves the person free to answer in any way

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Open-ended questions

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examiner response that echoes the patient's words; repeats part of what patient has just said

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reflection

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final review of what examiner understands patient has said; condenses facts and presents a survey of how the examiner perceives the health problem or need

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Summary

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Messages sent through spoken words, vocalizations, tone of voice

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Verbal communication

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pondering a deeper meaning beyond the concrete and literal

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abstract reasoning

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concentration, ability to focus on one specific thing

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attention

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being aware of one's own existence, feelings, and thoughts and being aware of the environment

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Consciousness

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using the voice to communicate one's thoughts and feelings

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Language

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ability to lay down and store experiences and perceptions for later recall

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Memory

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prolonged display of a person's feelings

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mood

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awareness of the objective world in relation to the self

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orientation

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awareness of objects through any of the five senses

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perceptions

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what the person thinks--specific ideas, beliefs, the use of words

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Thought content

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the way a person thinks, the logical train of thought

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thought process

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Excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs

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Android obesity

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a less-then-expected or absent immune reaction in response to the injection of antigens within the skin

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Anergy

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measurement of the body, e.g., height, weight, circumferences, skinfold thickness

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anthropometry

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Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (W/H2);value of 30 or more is indicative of obesity; value of less than 18.5 is indicative of undernutrition

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Body mass index BMI

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index or ratio sometimes used to assess body protein status

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Creatinine-height index (CHI)

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a detailed record of dietary intake obtainable from 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, food diarie, and similar methods

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Diet history

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excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the hips and thighs

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gynoid obesity

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primarily a protein deficiency characterized by edema, growth failures, and muscle wasting

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kwashiorkor

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may mean any nutrition disorder but usually refers to long-term nutritional inadequacies or excesses

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malnutrition

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Combination of chronic energy deficit and chronic or acute protein deficiency

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Marasmic kwashiorkor

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results from energy and protein deficiency, presenting with significant loss of body weight, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue mass, but with serum protein concentrations relatively intact

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Marasmus

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a more sensitive indicator of lean body mass than MAC or MAMC

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Mid-arm muscle area MAMA

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an indicator of lean body mass and fat stores

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Mid-upper arm circumference (MAC)

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an indicator of lean body mass calculated from the triceps skinfold thickness and the mid-upper arm circumference

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mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MAMC)

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condition in which nitrogen losses from the body are equal to nitrogen intake; the expected state of the healthy adult

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nitrogen balance

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assessment of dietary or nutritional status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population

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Nutritional monitoring

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a precess used identify individuals at nutrition risk or with nutritional problems

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nutrition screening

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excessive accumulation of body fat; usually defined as 20% above desirable weight

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obesity

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inadequate consumption of protein and energy, resulting in a gradual body wasting and increased susceptibility to infection

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Protein-Calorie malnutrition (PCM)

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Levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be adequate to meet the nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons

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Recommended daily allowance (RDA)

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proteins present in serum that are indicators of the body's visceral protein status (e.g., albumin, prealbumin, trasferrin)

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Serum proteins

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double fold of skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that is measured with skinfold calipers at various body sites

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skinfold thickness

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waist or abdominal circumference divided by the hip or gluteal circumference; method for assessing fat distribution

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Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR)

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A brief time period when Korotkoff's sounds disappear during auscultation of blood pressure; common with hypertension

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Auscultatory gap

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heart rate <60 beats per minute in the adult

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Bradycardia

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instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure

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Sphygmomanometer

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amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat

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Stroke volume

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heart rate of >100 beats per minute in the adult

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Tachycardia

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Pain orginating from skin surface or subcutaneous structures

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Cutaneous Pain

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pain message is inhibited during this last phase of nociception

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Modulation

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abnormal processing of pain message; burning, shooting in nature

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neuropathic pain

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Process whereby noxious stimuli are preceived as pain

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Nociception

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specialized nerve endings that detect painful sensations

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Nociceptors

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"an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is always subjective"

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Pain

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Conscious awareness of a painful sensation

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Perception

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Pain felt at a particular site, but orginates from another location

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referred pain

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originating from muscle, bone, joints, tendons, or blood vessels

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Somatic pain

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first phase of nociception whereby the painful stimulus is changed into an action potential

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Transduction

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Second phase of nociception whereby the pain impulse moves from the spinal cord to the brain

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transmission

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originating from interior organs such as the gall bladder or stomach

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Visceral pain