Health And Wellness 2 - Dsw

Front 1

WHATIS THE TUBE THAT CONNECTS THE EAR AND THE THROAT?

Back 1

Eustachian Tube

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WHYIS IT IMPORTANT, REGARDING EAR INFECTIONS?

Back 2

Because it helps get rid of infections. Inchildren, this tube is shorter & not fully developed yet, which is why theyare more prone to infections.

Front 3

WHERE ARE THE RECEPTORS FOR HEARINGFOUND?

Back 3

Sits on Cochlea, immersed in endolymph andother receptors for hearing

Front 4

WHY IS GREY MATTER GREY?

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Our brain comes in two shades:white matter and grey matter; the difference between the two is all in the fat content.Gray matter forms the outerlayer of the brain and contains cell bodies. White matter forms the inner layerand contains fiber tractsfull ofMYELIN.Gray matter is basically the cortex (where all the higher mental processing takes place). White matter lies beneathit (and connects various parts of the cortex to transport information forprocessing and integration).

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WHAT THE HEY IS A REFLEX ARCH?

Back 5

· Aspecialized pathway is a reflex arch.

· Inthe brain, reflex arches combine the sensory and motor tracts to governreflexes, and therefore processing them from within saves space.

Front 6

WHAT ARE THE 4 IMPORTANTNEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT WE TALKED ABOUT?

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Different types of cellssecrete different neurotransmitters. Each brain chemical works in widely spreadbut fairly specific brain locations and may have a different effect accordingto where it is activated. All of the major neurotransmitters are made fromamino acids except acetycholine. Some 60 neurotransmitters have beenidentified, but the most important, listed top to bottom,

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Dopamine

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Controls arousal levels in many parts of thebrain and is vital for giving physical motivation. When levels are severelydepleted, as in Parkinson's disease, people may find it impossible to moveforward voluntarily. Low dopamine may also be implicated in mental stasis. LSDand other hallucinogenic drugs are thought to work on the dopamine system.

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Seretonin

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This is the neurotransmitter enhanced byProzac, and has thus become known as the 'feel-good' chemical. It has aprofound effect on mood and anxiety -- high levels of it, or sensitivity to it,are associated with serenity and optimism.

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Noradrenaline

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Mainly an excitatory chemical that inducesphysical and mental arousal and elevated mood. Production is centered in anarea of the brain called the locus coreuleus, which is one of several putativecandidates for the brain's 'pleasure' centre.

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Enkephalins & Endorphins

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These are opioids that, like thedrugs heroine and morphine, modulate pain, reduce stress and promote asensation of floaty, oceanic calm. They also depress physical functions likebreathing and may produce physical dependence.·

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ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh):

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Controls activity in brain areas connectedwith attention, learning and memory. People with Alzheimer's disease typicallyhave low levels of ACh in the cerebral cortex, and drugs that boost its actionmay improve memory in such patients.

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Glutamate

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The brain's major excitatoryneurotransmitter, vital for forging the links between neurons that are thebasis of learning and long-term memory.

Front 13

PART OF THE BRAIN THAT LETS THE LEFTSIDE AND RIGHT SIDE TALK TO EACH OTHER? WHAT IS IT CALLED?

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Cerebrum

Front 14

WHAT DO THE CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVESDO, IN GENERAL?

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· The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves thatcan be seen on the bottom (ventral) surface of the brain.

· Some of these nerves bring information from the sense organs to the brain; other cranialnerves control muscles; othercranial nerves are connected to glandsor internal organs such as the heart and lungs.

Front 15

WHY DO IMPULSES TRAVEL SO FAST DOWNTHE AXON OF A NEURON?

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· Myelinationincreases the movement of the nerves impulses along the axonal membrane.

Front 16

GENERALIZED SEIZURES

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· produced by electrical impulsesfrom throughout the entire brain;

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PARTIAL SEIZURES

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· (also called local or focal) areproduced (at least initially) by electrical impulses in a relatively small partof the brain.Classifyingthe type of seizure helps doctors diagnose whether or not a patient hasepilepsy.

Front 18

DOES THE KETOGENIC DIET HAVE ANY RISKTO IT?

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· Itis very low in protein and carbohydrates, but very high in fat.

· Onlyabout 30-50% success rate.

· Somerisk, and should only be done with monitoring.

Front 19

WHAT IS A SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE VS. APARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE?

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· Both the parasympatheticnervous system (PNS) and sympatheticnervous system (SNS) arepart of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for theinvoluntary functions of the human body. · The parasympathetic nervoussystem (PNS) controls homeostasisand the body at rest and is responsible for the body's "rest anddigest" function. · The sympathetic nervous system(SNS) controls the body's responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the "fight orflight" response.

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WHICH sympathetic or parasympathetic response speeds THINGS UP, AND WHICH ONE SLOWS THINGS DOWN?

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· Thesympathetic nervous system (SNS) speeds things up, i.e. as in ‘fight orflight’;· The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) slowsthings down, i.e. as in rest & growth) functions.

Front 21

WHATIS AN ACTION POTENTIAL?

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· An actionpotential is a type of event that happens when a neuron fires up. It is the change in electrical potential thathappens when an impulse passes through a nerve cell.

Front 22

WHAT IS CSF AND WHERE CAN IT BEFOUND?

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· CSFis cerebral spinal fluid.

· Acondition that prevents the leisurely flow of fluid. It can be very detrimental, i.e. tumors. Inthe spine and places in the brain.

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cerebrum

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fills upmost of your skull. It is used for remembering, problem solving, thinking, andfeeling. It also controls movement.

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cerebellum

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sits at theback of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance.

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brain stem

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sits beneathyour cerebrum in front of your cerebellum. It connects the brain to the spinalcord and controls automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rateand blood pressure.

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diencephalon

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Function 1 – hypothalamus (thinking and autonomic nervoussystem; and some cardiac functions)

Function 2 – thymus (relay center controlling info going intothe cerebrum)

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Synapse

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· structures Inthe nervous system are essential for neurons (nerve cells) to function, permittingthem to conduct an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.

· Neurons arecells specialized in passing signals to individual target cells, via synapses. Asynapse contains plasma membrane, and molecular machinery, and axons.

Front 28

WHAT IS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER?

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· A filteringmechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cordtissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

Front 29

WHEN DOES THE CAUSE OF CP USUALLYOCCUR?

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Usually causedby brain damage before or during the birthing process, or before the age of 3years old.

Front 30

WHAT IS ATHETOID CP?

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Is both hypoand hypertension in the lower muscle tone; problems controlling self andholding themselves in the upright position.

Front 31

WHAT IS SCISSOR GAIT?

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Is hypertension in the legs, hips andpelvis, which become fragile, and person walking has the appearance ofcrouching.

Front 32

IS A PETITE MAL SEIZURE AN ABSENTSEIZURE?

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· Yes

· Absence seizures involve brief,sudden lapses of consciousness. They're more common in children than adults.Someone having an absence seizure may look like he or she is staring into spacefor a few seconds. This type of seizure usually doesn't lead to physicalinjury.Absence seizures usually can be controlled with anti-seizuremedications. Some children who have them also develop other seizures. Manychildren outgrow absence seizures in their teens.

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EPILEPSY:

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aconvulsion lasting between 20-30 minutes, or a series of convulsions in whichthere is not return to consciousness.

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· FIBRILE SEIZURE:

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aconvulsion that may be caused by a spike in body temperature and may last a fewminutes; usually only happens with kids.

Front 35

WHAT PART OF THE NERVE IS AFFECTED BYMS?

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MS causesgradual destruction of myelin (demyelination), and transection of neuro-axons.

Front 36

WHAT CAUSES PARKINSON’S?

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A deficiency inthe neurotransmitter Dopamine.Because thereis much less dopamine released into the system, the person has tremors andcannot stay still.

Front 37

WHAT IS THE BEST DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOREPILEPSY?

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Electroencephalography(EEG)

Front 38

EMERGENCYMEASURES FOR SEIZURES ARE …

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Although a seizure is not consideredto be static until it’s more than 20 minutes long, you need to seek medicalassistance after 5 minutes. Here are 6 steps:

· Remaincalm - Ensurethe person is safe· Donot move or restrict movement· Donot put anything in the person’s mouth· Observethe person and time the seizureCall911 if seizure lasts more than 5 minutes.

Front 39

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF PINK EYE?

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· Redness inthe white of the eye or inner eyelid· Increasedamount of tears· Thick yellowdischarge that crusts over the eyelashes, especially after sleep· Green orwhite discharge from the eye· Itchy eyes· Burning eyes· Blurred vision· Increasedsensitivity to light

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Pinkeye

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(conjunctivitis)is redness and inflammation of the clear membranes over the whites of the eyes,and membranes on the inner part of the eyelids. It is most often caused by a virusor a bacterial infection (although allergies, chemical agents, and underlyingdiseases can also play a role).

Front 41

WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF THE MIDDLEAND INNER EAR?

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The human ear can be divided into four main sections: · the external ear, · the middle ear, · the inner ear, · and the hearing processingcenters of the brain. All four parts work together to conduct sounds from outside thehead to the brain and to process it.

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· THE MIDDLEEAR

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The middleear contains three tiny bones (ossicles) plustiny ligaments and muscles, in anair-filled space connecting the external membrane and the inner ear. Ittransfers sound through that space from outside to the inner ear.

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THE INNER EAR

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Theinner ear has two different, interconnected sections that each have separatefunctions.

Front 44

VESIBULAR

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· section controls balance and orientation, inrelation to motion.

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COCHLEA

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controlshearing, by converting sound waves from the middle ear into electro-chemicalsignals in the brain (creating the mental perception of hearing).

Front 46

RETINA

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· RETINA is the innermost part of the eye;it is a nerve layer containing two types of photoreceptors (visual receptors),calledRODSand CONES.

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RODS

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· RODS are more numerous (120 million)scattered throughout the retina, especially near the edge (periphery) of theretina. They are more sensitive to dim light (and therefore responsible fornight vision), and they only perceive black & white.

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CONES

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· (about 6 to 7 million of them)are located near the center of the retina (the macula). They provide basic lightsensitivity during daytime, and they are the colour receptors.

Front 49

WHAT IS OTITIS MEDIA?

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Fluidaccumulation in the middle ear.

Front 50

WHAT MIGHT SOMEONE COMPLAIN ABOUT IF THEY HAD IT?

Back 50

Ear infections,buzzing sound in the ear, usually accompanied by pain.

Front 51

Macular degeneration

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Degeneration of the mucula, which is a partof the retina, and is responsible for sharp, central vision. With this disease,it becomes more difficult for people to read and see details more clearly.

Front 52

Glaucoma

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A group of diseases that damage the eye’soptic nerve, resulting in loss of vision and blindness.

Front 53

Cataracts

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Results from eye lens (or the portionthat covers the eye lens) becoming oblique.This results gradually in loss ofsight, because light can no longer reach the retina.

Front 54

WHAT ARE SOME MEDICATIONS NAMES FORTHE DRUGS USED TO TREAT SEIZURES?

Back 54

DIAZEPAM (VALIUM), LORAZEPAM (ATIVAN) and similartranquilizers such as Clonazepam (Klonopin) · Effective inshort-term treatment of all seizures; used often in the emergency room to stopa seizure, particularly status epilepticus· Tolerancedevelops in most within a few weeks, so the same dose has less effect overtime.· Valium canalso be given as rectal suppository.· Side effectsinclude tiredness, unsteady walking, nausea, depression, and loss of appetite.In children, they can cause drooling and hyperactivity.· Primarilyused with status epilepsy to help stop seizures

Front 55

WHAT IS A MECHANORECEPTOR?

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· A senseorgan or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.