Health And Disease In The U.s.

Front 1

At what sort of rate do health care costs rise in the U.S.?

Back 1

They grow exponentially.

Front 2

How does the U.S. compare to other countries in percent GDP spent on health care?

Back 2

Another half again larger than most

Front 3

What is a man-year?

Back 3

Number of men studied x years they were studied

Front 4

What is relative risk?

Back 4

Risk of mortality of a group possessing a risk factor relative to those in the population NOT possessing the risk factor

Front 5

How does "morbidity" compare to "mortality"?

Back 5

Morbidity: prevalence of a disease at a particular point in time
Mortality: number of deaths in a population, usually a rate

Front 6

What is a primary risk factor?

Back 6

It directly increases the likelihood of developing disease

Front 7

What is a secondary risk factor?

Back 7

Indirectly increases the likelihood of developing disease due to its influence on a primary risk factor

Front 8

What are the two trends in life expectancy through the past 100 years?

Back 8

1. People who live past 65 still live to around the same age
2. The number of people living past 65 has increased

Front 9

How have the leading causes of death shifted since 1900?

Back 9

Shift from infectious disease to lifestyle disease

Front 10

Explain the setup of the London Transport Study.

Back 10

In 1953, Morris assessed the rate of heart disease in bus drivers versus ticket collectors in the London bus system.

Front 11

What were the results of the London Transport study?

Back 11

Conductors were found to have lower rates of heart disease and myocardial infarction.

Front 12

What is wrong, design-wise, with the London Transport study?

Back 12

It is an ex-post-facto study where Morris didn't ASSIGN the roles of driver and ticket collector. Therefore it relied on preexisting conditions.

Front 13

How does moving from no exercise at all to moderate exercise impact mortality? From moderate to high?

Back 13

1. It drastically reduces it.
2. It reduces it a little.

Front 14

Averaging ages, about what percent of men and women get any regular form of physical activity?

Back 14

47% women, 50% men

Front 15

What is the trend in the prevalence of NO physical activity?

Back 15

Modestly decreasing

Front 16

How does income relate to physical activity?

Back 16

People below the poverty level tend to get less exercise

Front 17

If a person has risk factors for heart disease and improves their fitness, will their risk remain the same?

Back 17

No. Exercise alone can help decrease risk of heart disease independent of the presence of other risk factors.

Front 18

Is low fitness a primary risk factor for heart disease? Why?

Back 18

Yes. It has a direct impact on contraction.

Front 19

What are 4 reasons for the resurgence of infectious disease?

Back 19

1. Lash-back of insects due to disturbance of natural environments
2. Increased density of human population
3. Increased international travel
4. Over-prescription of antibiotics and non-compliance of patients

Front 20

Of infections contracted in hospitals, what percent are resistant to at least one antibiotic? What percent to only the best drugs?

Back 20

70% and 30-40%, respectively

Front 21

How does antibiotic resistance work?

Back 21

When antibiotic is administered, some of the population doesn't die; resistance is transferred through bacterial conjugation.

Front 22

How is our food supply affected by antibiotic resistance?

Back 22

Animals are crowded into feed lots and given low doses of antibiotics to increase growth rate and size. These low doses are conducive to resistive development.

Front 23

How does AIDS impact the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Back 23

Increases the likelihood due to suppressed immune system

Front 24

What is bacterial conjugation?

Back 24

Transfers mobilizable genetic material (such as antibiotic resistance) between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact.

Front 25

Why do scientists theorize that we die?

Back 25

Only genes have evolved to survive.

Front 26

What is antagonistic pleiotropy?

Back 26

When a gene produces competing characteristics: some beneficial, some detrimental

Front 27

How is senescence defined in terms of antagonistic pleiotropy?

Back 27

As a maladaptive consequence of it

Front 28

What did the Fries study of 1980 conclude?

Back 28

When acute and accidental sources of death are removed, the age of the onset of senescence is COMPRESSED and the life span sees a MINOR increase.

Front 29

What did the Alexander study of 1987 conclude?

Back 29

Senescence is an effect of evolution's efforts to maximize success in genetic reproduction.

Front 30

What is the One-Hoss Shay Effect?

Back 30

Senescence

Front 31

What is the name of the protein that is believed to cause senescence?

Back 31

Protein p53

Front 32

What is the function of p53?

Back 32

It is the checkpoint protein that prevents genetically marred cells from reproducing.

Front 33

How did an increased level of p53 impact laboratory mice?

Back 33

They aged very quickly and had shorter lifespans, but did not develop cancer.

Front 34

What is an infarction?

Back 34

Tissue death due to lack of oxygen.

Front 35

How does "physical activity" compare to "physical fitness" in clinical terms?

Back 35

Activity is any sort of movement, while fitness implies a program.