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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Afebrile = |
No fever |
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Best way to fight a disease |
Prevention |
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If we invade an animals comfort zone there is usually one of two reactions |
Fight or Flight |
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Not at ease |
Disease |
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A sign of disease |
Sympton |
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*****Actual causes of disease (4)****** |
- Infectious - Non Infectious - Trama |
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-Bacteria -Fungal -Prions -Protozoans -Virus |
Infectious |
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-Wounds |
Trama |
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-Nutritional -Metabolic -Toxic Material -Zootoxins -Mycotxins -Congenital (conditions that exist at or prior to birth) -Lethals (Kills animals or prevents animals from reproducing) |
Non Infectious |
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-Abnormal temp -Inflammation -Depression -Anorexia -Abnormal vitals |
Common Symptoms |
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An abnormal temp up to three degrees higher than normal |
Moderate Fever |
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A body temp more than three degrees above normal |
Serious Fever |
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At around ______ seizures, convulsions and brain damage occurs |
107 Degrees |
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*****Four Benefits of a Moderate Fever ***** |
1. Interferons 2. WBC 3. Iron 4. All body chemical reactions speed up |
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Normal variation in temp |
Diurnal Variation |
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-Temp - Pulse - Resperation |
Vital Signs |
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The capacity of an organism or tissue to withstand the effects of a harmful environmental agent |
Resistance |
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The bodies reaction to a disease depends upon its ______ |
Resistance |
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Resistance is primarily influenced by the animals _______ _______ |
Physical Condition |
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Physical condition of the animal will determine the animals _______ _____ to fight disease |
inherent ability |
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Susceptibility is the animals ________ to fight disease or pathogenic organisms |
inability |
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-Skin - first line of defense -Mucus membrane |
Primary Defenses |
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-Antibodies -Phagocytes (WBC) -Antigens |
Secondary Defenses |
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Substances produced by the body in response to antigens |
Antibodies |
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Cells that ingest, destroy of nullify microorganisms |
Phaygocytes |
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Produced for a specific (toxin, bacteria, virus, or foreign blood cell) antigen. |
Antigen |
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Other factors on disease prevention (5) |
1. Nutrition 2. Parasite Control 3. Sanitation 4. Genetics 5. Immunization |
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Persistent infection, wears the animal down a period of time, usually not like threatening by itself |
Chronic |
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Sudden and Severe infection -Animal is rapidly over come |
Accute |
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An animal that appears healthy but can pass the pathogen to another animal |
Carrier |
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A disease capable of being passes to humans |
Zoonotic |
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A group of glycoproteins produced by different cells in response to stimuli -Modulate cellular fxn - Prevent viral replication |
Interferons |
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Lives off of the host and is harmful to the host |
Pathogenic |
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Affected |
Morbidity |
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Death |
Mortality |
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A successful health plan should be set up for _____ operation with the assistance of your vet or other health care professional |
YOUR!!! |
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Health plans should also include (2) |
-Nutrition -Facilities designed for that species |
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-Plan to manage spread of dx -Reduction of stress to animals and humans -Plan to increase production -Plan to ensure the survival of newborns and weak animals |
Management of Disease |
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_____ are highly resistant to desiccation (drying), chemicals and heat. So they are difficult to destroy -Live in soil -Vary Widely in shape -Some are pathogenic and some are not |
Spores |
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Bacteria will flourish under one of several of the following conditions (5) |
-Dark -Warm -Moist -Available food - Anaerobic Aerobic |
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-Latin for poison -Cannot be seen under a regular microscope -Protein coat protects them -Unable to live independently |
Virus |
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Virus -Skin -Warts |
Dermotrophic |
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Virus - Respiratory cells - IBR |
Pneumotrophic |
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Virus -Attack nervous system -Rabbies |
Neurotrophic |
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-Depending on living or dead plants or animals for food -Spore producing -Active in decomp of organic matter in the soil -Beneficial = Penicillin -Nonbeneficial = Ring Worm |
Fungi |
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-Thought to be the infectious agent responsible for scrapies, CJD, BSE and certain other degenerative diseases of the CNS |
Prions |
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- Toxic substances released when the cell dies and degenerates -Tetnus and Botulism |
Exotoxins |
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-Secreted out of a living thing -Haemophelius, lepto, listoiosis |
Endotoxins |
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Microbe uses (9) |
1. Normal inhabitants of the skin and GI 2. Necessary for proper pH 3. Aids in control of pathogens 4. In the rumen and cecum they are the source of digestive enzymes 5. Industrial use (cheese, beer, hides, antibiotics etc..) 6. Soil microbes convert fertilizer into plant food 7. Breakdown of organic matter with the release of nutrients 8. Come capable of dx pathogenic 9. Predisposing factors may case everyday normal organisms to become pathogenic |
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-Ordinarily present in GI and feces -Normal gut microbes - Some normally friendly organisms can become pathogenic |
Coliforms |
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-Spreads from animal to animal -Not all infectious diseases -Rabies and Tetanus |
Contagious Diseases |
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All contagious disease are ________ |
Infectious |
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Microbial Growth Curve (4) |
1. Lag 2. Exponential Growth 3. Log Phase 4. Death or Decline |
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-Limited number of microbes initially -Aka Incubation period |
Lag Phase |
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- If unchecked the microorganisms multiply exponentially -First symptoms occur when it exists the the lag phase -Microbes double every generation |
Exponential Growth |
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-Microbes each a state of equilibrium growth is equal to death rate |
Log Phase/Stationary Phase |
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- The animals defense mechanisms take over and stop the reproduction or growth of the microbes -Growth is checked by external factors |
Death or Decline |
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Defenses -A mechanical barrier -Normal microbes control the pathogens -Oil glands -pH -Microbes that require an open wound |
Skin |
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Defenses -Membranes and lysosomes flush out organisms particles of dust and other irritants -Cillia on the epithelium aids in elimination |
Mucous Membranes Respiratory Tract |
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Defenses -Epithelial tissues form barriers that secret lysosomes to control microbes -Flush out with tears |
Mucous Membranes Eyes |
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Defenses -Ideal (dark, warm, moist) -Urine is sterile, a healthy animal should not have reproducing microbes in the urine -Bladder, ureter and urethra should have lysosomes to flush microbes |
Mucous Membranes Repro Tract |
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Vitamin ____ is necessary for healthy mucus membranes |
A |
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-Two principle phagocytes |
1. Nuertrophils 2. Monocytes |
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Two main ingredients of pus |
1. Digested microbes 2. Phagocytes |
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Fixed Phagocytes |
-Immobile - Found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lining blood vessels |
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Free Phagocytes |
-WBC that are rushed to the site of infection to combat foreign invaders |
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A sac-like cellular orgonelle that contains various hydrolytic enzymes that aid in the lysis, disintegration or dissolution of cells by intracellular digestion |
Lysosomes |
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Resistance is acquired in one of two ways |
1. Natural (genetics) 2. Acquired |
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-Species resistance -Breed or race resistance -Individual variation resistance - Age -Environment - Inherent genetics |
Natural |
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Type of Aqcuired Immunity -Non-permanent |
Passive Acquire Immunity |
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Type of Acquired Immunity -Development of resistance -Long term resistance -Vaccination -Natural exposure |
Active Acquire Immunity |
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Proteins in the blood, produced by the body in response to specific antigens |
Antibodies |
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Classes of Antibodies -Mucus surface (respiratory and GI) |
IgA |
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Classes of Antibodies -Primary and secondary response - lymph and colostrum |
IgG |
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Classes of Antibodies - Primary responder (#1) |
IgM |
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Classes of Antibodies -Unknown |
IgD |
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Classes of Antibodies -Found in allergic rxn |
-IgE |
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Many diseases can not produce disease unless they enter the body through the correct port of entry |
-Trama -Mucous linings are penetrated |
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Inanimate objects that can transmit disease |
Fomites |
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Animate things that can transmit disease |
Vector |
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Most bacteria have a ______ layer cell wall |
Double layer cell wall |
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Penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with the ____ ____ building system |
Cell wall building system |
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Antibiotic resistant bacteria have developed a different way to build their _______ _____ |
Cell wall |
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Bacteria fighting and aids the body in fighting bacteria |
Antibiotics |
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Antibiotics are most effective in ______ infections |
acute |
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Antibodies can be derived from one of two places |
1. Man-made (Synthetic or Semi-Synthetic) 2. Natural Substances |
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Type of Antibiotic -Oil or Water based -Most only maintain TBL for 6-12 hours -Natural forms are inexpensive -Synthetic forms are expensive |
Penicillin |
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Problems with Penicillin (3) |
-Allergic rxn -Deafness in Sows -Diarrhea - Rashes - Hives |
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Type of Antibiotic -Stops bacteria from making protein by attaching permanently -Bactericidal -Not given orally (easily broken down in stomach) |
Aminoglycoside |
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This antibiotic is given for short periods of time because of potential kidney damage |
Aminoglycosides |
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Type of Antibiotic -Produced by mold -Prevents bacteria from building proteins -Bacteriostatic at low doses -Bacterioscidal in high doses -Works on bacteria without walls |
Macrolides |
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Problems with Macrolides (2) |
-Stomach Irritation -Ulcers -Given with food |
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Type of Antibiotic -First chemostatic agent discovered -Inhibits growth -Broad spectrum -NEVER GIVEN IM -Given Orally may disrupt rumen flora |
Sulfonamides |
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Problems with Sulfonamides (4) |
1. Reduced wbc count 2. Crystals in urinary tract, stones in bladder 3. Combined with iodine, may affect thyroid 4. Allergic rxn |
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Types of Antibiotics -Man Made -Blocks bacterial DNA production -Kills bacteria slowly alone -Used in combo with sulfas -Very effective and used alot |
Trimethoprime |
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Types of Antibiotics -Synthetic -UTIs or topical -Blocks bacteria fro suing energy -Broad spectrum |
Nitrofurons |
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Types of Antibiotics -Decreases milk absorption by 50% - Without food may cause nausa, vomiting and diarrhea |
Tetracyclines |
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Types of Antibiotics - Antiprotoxoal -Used to treat giardia |
Metronidazole |
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Problems with Metronidazole |
-Reddish brown urine -Peripheral neuropatly -Dizziness |
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Qualities of Disinfectants |
-Inexpensive -Powerful -Not harsh on humans or animals -No residue -Remains stable in the presence of organic material -Effective in a wide range of temps -Concentrated for shipping |
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Stocking Rate = |
AU/acre |
