Health 293

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1. African Swine Fever

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an acute highly contagious usually fatal disease of swine that is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (species African swine fever virus of the genus Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae), that resembles but is more severe than hog cholera (bacterial disease), and that is indigenous to Africa.

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2. AIDS

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.

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3. Alveoli

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an air cell of the lungs, formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways

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4. Anoxic

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the absence of oxygen

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5. Antiretroviral medicine

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medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses (RNA viruses that contains an enzyme that permits the reversal of genetic transcription [instead of DNA to RNA, it is transcribed from RNA to DNA]), primarily HIV. When several such drugs, typically three or four, are taken in combination, the approach is known as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, or HAART. The American National Institutes of Health and other organizations recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with AIDS.

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6. Apnea

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the cessation of breathing

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7. Argyll Robertson pupil

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bilateral small pupils that constrict when the patient focuses on a near object (they “accommodate”), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (they do not “react” to light).

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8. Asphyxiate

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a condition caused by the inadequate intake of oxygen.

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9. Asthma

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a chronic lung disorder that is marked by recurring episodes of airway obstruction (as from bronchospasm) manifested by labored breathing accompanied especially by wheezing and coughing and by a sense of constriction in the chest, and that is triggered by hyperreactivity to various stimuli (as allergens or rapid change in air temperature).

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10. Bacilli

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any rod-shaped or cylindrical bacterium of the genus Bacillus, comprise spore-producing bacteria

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11. Blood Pressure

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refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs

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12. Cerebral Hemorrhage

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hemorrhage from a blood vessel into the cerebrum, often followed by neurologic damage; a type of stroke

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13. Cervical Lymphadenitis

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refers to an infection of the lymph nodes in the neck, by either a virus or bacteria. The lymphatic system is a complex arrangement of vessels and nodes which play a key role in the body's defense against infection. Lymph nodes, sometimes referred to as "swollen glands", can become infected in the neck (just under jaw line) secondary to an infection in the throat (pharyngitis) or tonsils (tonsillitis).

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14. Cesarean Delivery

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is a surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies, or, rarely, to remove a dead fetus. A late-term abortion using Caesarean section procedures is termed a hysterectomy abortion and is very rarely performed.

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15. Cholera

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a devastating and sometimes lethal bacterial disease with intense vomiting and profuse watery diarrhea leading to dehydration which, unless immediately treated, may be fatal. The bacterium is contracted by drinking contaminated water. The key to treating cholera is prompt and complete replacement of fluid and salt lost through diarrhea. Rehydrating with the oral solution promptly and completely results in less than 1% of cholera patients dying. Antibiotics do shorten the course of the disease but are not a critical as rehydration.

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16. Coma

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a state of prolonged unconsciousness, including a lack of response to stimuli, from which it is impossible to rouse a person

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17. CT scan

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Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method employing tomography (technique used to get an X-ray photography of a certain plane section of the body). Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object or person from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation.

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18. Dysentery

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an inflammatory disorder of the lower intestinal tract, usually caused by a bacterial, parasitic, or protozoan infection and resulting in pain, fever, and severe diarrhea, often accompanied by the passage of blood and mucus.

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19. Dystrophic Calcification

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the calcification occurring in degenerated or necrotic (dead) tissue, as in hyalinized (having a structureless and transparent substance because of necrotic tissue in the skin) scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas (non cancerous tumor that consists of nonstriated [unstriped] muscular tissue), and caseous (necrosis where the tissue changes into a substance that looks like soft cheese) nodules (mass of rounded protuberances, i.e. a timorous growth). This occurs as a reaction to tissue damage including as a consequence of medical device implantation. Dystrophic calcification can occur even if the amount of calcium in the blood is not elevated. Calcification can occur in dead or degenerated tissue. Calcium salt deposits aggregate, first in the mitochondria, and progressively throughout the cell.